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Within sociology, ecology is the study of the relationship among social units and their bio-social-cultural-physical environments, whereas demography is the study of population size, density, migrations, and characteristics. Generally, ecological and demographic analyses are conducted at a more macro level, although meso-level analyses within specific fields, such as urban ecology and organizational ecology, remain highly prominent (e.g., Hannan and Freeman 1977, 1984, 1989; McPherson 1981; Carroll 1988; Berry and Kasarda 1977). The basic thrust of ecological and demographic analysis can also be brought down to the micro level; and since Erving Goffman’s pioneering work (1963, 1971), the theoretical insights to be gained from a concern with the ecology and demography of encounters has been all too evident.
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Turner, J.H. (2010). Ecological and Demographic Dynamics in Encounters. In: Theoretical Principles of Sociology, Volume 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6225-6_3
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