Skip to main content

Diagnosis and Treatment of the Patient with Abnormal Calcium

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Diseases of the Parathyroid Glands

Abstract

The author describes normal physiology of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and the chemistries associated with their pathophysiology in adults. Extensive discussions are presented about abnormalities of body chemistry in the hypercalcemic and hypocalcemic conditions. The clinical signs and symptoms of patients with these abnormalities are highlighted and provide a framework for diagnosing them. Treatment options for these conditions are given with extensive orientation towards medical therapies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Brown EM. Physiology and pathophysiology of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Am J Med. 1999;106:238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Montagnana M, et al. Influence of short-term venous stasis on clinical chemistry testing. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43:869.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Marx SJ. Hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid disorders. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1863.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Inzucchi SE. Management of hypercalcemia: diagnostic workup, therapeutic options for hyperparathyroidism and other common causes. Postgrad Med. 2004;115:27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wermers RA, Khosla S, Atkinson EJ, et al. The rise and fall of primary hyperparathyroidism: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1965–1992. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Khan A, Bilezikian J. Primary hyperparathyroidism: pathophysiology and impact on bone. Can Med Assoc J. 2000;163:184.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kebebew E, Hwang J, Reiff E, et al. Predictors of single-gland vs multigland parathyroid disease in primary hyperparathyroidism: a simple and accurate scoring model. Arch Surg. 2006;141:777.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5658.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brown EM. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and other disorders with resistance to extracellular calcium. Endocrinol Clin North Am. 2000; 29:503.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dunbar ME, Wysolmerski JJ, Broadus AE. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: from hypercalcemia of malignancy to developmental regulatory molecule. Am J Med Sci. 1996;312:287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rankin W, Grill V, Martin TJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein and hypercalcemia. Cancer. 1997;80 Suppl 8:1564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Corso A, Ferretti E, Lazzarino M. Zoledronic acid exerts its antitumor effect in multiple myeloma interfering with the bone marrow microenvironment. Hematology. 2005;10:215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wermers RA, Kearns AE, Jenkins GD, et al. Incidence and clinical spectrum of thiazide-associated hypercalcemia. Am J Med. 2007; 120:911.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ziegler R. Hypercalcemic crisis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12 Suppl 17:S3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Zometa (zoledronic acid) prescribing information. http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/Zometa.pdf.

  16. Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Jacobs TP, et al. A 10-year prospective study of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bilezikian JP, Khan AA, Potts Jr JT. Guidelines for the management of asymptomatic primary ­hyperparathyroidism: summary statement from the third international workshop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Khan AA, Bilezikian JP, Kung AW, et al. Alendronate in primary hyperparathyroidism: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Peacock M, Bilezikian JP, Klassen PS, et al. Cinacalcet hydrochloride maintains long-term normocalcemia in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Betterle C, Greggio NA, Volpato M. Clinical review 93: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1049.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:777.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Meyer C. Scientists probe role of vitamin D: deficiency a significant problem, experts say. JAMA. 2004;292:1416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplement fact sheet: vitamin D. 2009. http://dietary-­supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp. Accessed 25 Nov 2009.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth H. Holt MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Holt, E.H. (2012). Diagnosis and Treatment of the Patient with Abnormal Calcium. In: Licata, A., Lerma, E. (eds) Diseases of the Parathyroid Glands. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5550-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5550-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-5549-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-5550-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics