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Gender and Health-Care Utilization

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Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology

Abstract

There are three compelling reasons to understand the utilization of health care. First, understanding the full range of factors that shape the utilization of health care is important for determining the health-care needs of individuals, for developing health resources and the training of care providers, as well as for planning programs aimed at the prevention, promotion, or protection of health. Second, access to care, the availability of care, and the quality and efficacy of care are essential components of social justice. Disparities in care associated with gender, ethnicity, age, education, or income are alarming and erode the fundamental trust in fairness on which democracy is based. Third, both the structure and the utilization of health care have a massive impact on the economic stability of nations. For example, data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicate that the United States spends about 15.3% of its gross domestic product on health care, whereas European countries with esteemed health-care systems spend far less: Spain 8.1%, United Kingdom 8.1%, Sweden 9.1%, Germany 10.6%, Switzerland 11.6% (National Center for Health Statistics, 2007).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    URL for spreadsheet data for table 136, p. 415, Health United States 2007 – http://ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/Health_US/hus07tables/Table136.xls

  2. 2.

    Personal communication from a patient.

  3. 3.

    Cholinesterase inhibitors work to prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain. Acetylcholine is a chemical that helps to bridge connections between synapses important to learning and memory; these inhibitors work to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).

  4. 4.

    Memantine works to regulate glutamate (also important to learning and memory) and delays the progression of Alzheimer’s disease in some patients.

  5. 5.

    A kind of pre-programmed cell death called apoptosis.

  6. 6.

    A procedure associated with breast cancer surgery in which the lymph node closest to the breast tumor (sentinel lymph node) is removed and examined under a microscope in order to determine whether or not cancer cells are present. This biopsy provides an estimate of the likelihood that the cancer has metastasized by entering the lymph system.

  7. 7.

    A major surgery that is performed under general anesthesia to remove the entire prostate gland and some of the tissue around it.

  8. 8.

    Outpatient services tend to encompass medical procedures, surgeries, tests, etc., that are performed in a medical setting and do not require an overnight stay. Although home health services by definition occur without a hospital stay, they are considered social-support services, much like hospice.

  9. 9.

    The CDC (2005) defines neuropathy as a nerve disease with complications including weakness in the muscles, pain, and numbness.

  10. 10.

    The regimen consists of three or more different drugs from different classes, such as two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and a protease inhibitor (PI), two NRTIs and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), or other combinations.

  11. 11.

    Clinical trials funded solely by corporations or private foundations do not fall under the requirement to include women.

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  1. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

    Cheryl Brown Travis, Andrea L. Meltzer & Dawn M. Howerton

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Travis, C.B., Meltzer, A.L., Howerton, D.M. (2010). Gender and Health-Care Utilization. In: Chrisler, J., McCreary, D. (eds) Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1467-5_22

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