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Bioavailability of Xenobiotics in the Soil Environment

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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 203))

Abstract

When synthetic, xenobiotic compounds such as agrochemicals and industrial chemicals are utilized, they eventually reach the soil environment where they are subject to degradation, leaching, volatilization, sorption, and uptake by organisms. The simplest assumption is that such chemicals in soil are totally available to microorganisms, plant roots, and soil fauna via direct, contact exposure; subsequently these organisms are consumed as part of food web processes and bioaccumulation may occur, increasing exposures to higher organisms up the food chain. However, studies in the last two decades have revealed that chemical residues in the environment are not completely bioavailable, so that their uptake by biota is less than the total amount present in soil (Alexander 1995; Gevao et al. 2003; Paine et al. 1996). Therefore, the toxicity, biodegradability, and efficacy of xenobiotics are dependent on their soil bioavailability, rendering this concept profoundly important to chemical risk assessment and pesticide registration.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by IUPAC as project No.1999-041-1-600.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan

    Arata Katayama

  2. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Kingston, ACT, Australia

    Raj Bhula

  3. Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NJ, Canterbury, Kent, UK

    G. Richard Burns

  4. Centro de Investigacion en Contaminacion Ambiental, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria “Rodrigo Facio”, San Jose, Costa Rica

    Elizabeth Carazo

  5. Entomology/Environmental Toxicology, Washington State University, University Drive, 99354, Richland, WA, USA

    Allan Felsot

  6. Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Biosecurity, 4000, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Denis Hamilton

  7. Exponent International Ltd, The Lenz, Hornbeam Park, HG2 8RE, Harrogate, UK

    Caroline Harris

  8. Environmental Toxicology Team, Toxicology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 305-600, Taejon, Republic of Korea

    Yong-Hwa Kim

  9. RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Center, NL 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Gijs Kleter

  10. Fraunhofer-Institute Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, D-57392, Schmallenberg, Germany

    Werner Koedel

  11. National Institute for Public Health and Environment, NL-3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    Jan Linders & J G M. Willie Peijnenburg

  12. Institute Rudjer Boskovic, HR-10002, Zagreb, Croatia

    Aleksandar Sabljic

  13. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada

    R. Gerald Stephenson

  14. Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    D. Kenneth Racke

  15. Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, RH Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel

    Baruch Rubin

  16. Sankyo Agro Co, Ltd, 894 Yasu, Yasu-shi, 520-2342, Shiga-ken, Japan

    Keiji Tanaka

  17. 25 Vellacotts, CM1 7EA, Chelmsford, Essex, UK

    John Unsworth

  18. Research Chemist, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 31794, Tifton, GA, USA

    R. Donald Wauchope

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  1. Arata Katayama
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  2. Raj Bhula
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Correspondence to Arata Katayama .

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    David M. Whitacre

1 Appendix: A Description of Equation Symbols, and the Units They Use

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Katayama, A. et al. (2010). Bioavailability of Xenobiotics in the Soil Environment. In: Whitacre, D. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 203. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_1

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