Abstract
Ground-based instruments and a number of space missions have contributed to our knowledge of the plasmasphere since its discovery half a century ago, but it is fair to say that many questions have remained unanswered. Recently, NASA’s Image and ESA’s Cluster probes have introduced new observational concepts, thereby providing a non-local view of the plasmasphere. Image carried an extreme ultraviolet imager producing global pictures of the plasmasphere. Its instrumentation also included a radio sounder for remotely sensing the spacecraft environment. The Cluster mission provides observations at four nearby points as the four-spacecraft configuration crosses the outer plasmasphere on every perigee pass, thereby giving an idea of field and plasma gradients and of electric current density. This paper starts with a historical overview of classical single-spacecraft data interpretation, discusses the non-local nature of the Image and Cluster measurements, and emphasizes the importance of the new data interpretation tools that have been developed to extract non-local information from these observations. The paper reviews these innovative techniques and highlights some of them to give an idea of the flavor of these methods. In doing so, it is shown how the non-local perspective opens new avenues for plasmaspheric research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
B. Abel, R.M. Thorne, Electron scattering loss in Earth’s inner magnetosphere. 1. Dominant physical processes. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A2), 2385–2396 (1994)
M.L. Adrian, D.L. Gallagher, L.A. Avanov, IMAGE EUV observation of radially bifurcated plasmaspheric features: First observations of a possible standing ULF waveform in the inner magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A01203 (2004)
V.V. Afonin, K.V. Grechnev, V.A. Ershova, O.Z. Rosté, N.F. Smirnova, Y.A. Schul’chishin, Y. Smilauer, Ion composition and temperature of the ionosphere obtained from the Intercosmos 24 satellite (“Aktivnyi” project) at the maximum of the 22nd solar activity cycle. Cosmic Res. 32(2), 189–198 (1994)
V.V. Afonin, V.S. Bassolo, J. Smilauer, J.F. Lemaire, Motion and erosion of the nightside plasmapause region and of the associated subauroral electron temperature enhancement: Cosmos-900 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 102(A2), 2093–2103 (1997)
P.C. Anderson, D.L. Carpenter, K. Tsuruda, T. Mukai, F.J. Rich, Multisatellite observations of rapid subauroral ion drifts (SAID). J. Geophys. Res. 106(A12), 29585–29599 (2001)
R.R. Anderson, CRRES plasma wave observations during quiet times, during geomagnetic disturbances, and during chemical releases, in Dusty and Dirty Plasmas, Noise, and Chaos in Space and in the Laboratory, ed. by H. Kikuchi (Plenum Press, New York, 1994), pp. 73–96
A. Balogh, C.M. Carr, M.H. Acuña, M.W. Dunlop, T.J. Beek, P. Brown, K.-H. Fornaçon, E. Georgescu, K.-H. Glassmeier, J. Harris, G. Musmann, T. Oddy, K. Schwingenschuh, The Cluster magnetic field investigation: Overview of in-flight performance and initial results. Ann. Geophys. 19(10), 1207–1217 (2001)
R.F. Benson, V.A. Osherovich, J. Fainberg, A.F. Vinas, D.R. Ruppert, An interpretation of banded magnetospheric radio emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 106(A7), 13179–13190 (2001)
R.F. Benson, P.A. Webb, J.L. Green, L. Garcia, B.W. Reinisch, Magnetospheric electron densities inferred from upper-hybrid band emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L20803 (2004)
R.F. Benson, P.A. Webb, J.L. Green, D.L. Carpenter, V.S. Sonwalkar, H.G. James, B.W. Reinisch, Active wave experiments in space plasmas: The Z mode, in Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation, ed. by J.W. Labelle, R.A. Treumann. Lecture Notes in Physics (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 3–35
J. Berchem, C.T. Russell, The thickness of the magnetopause current layer - ISEE 1 and 2 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 87(A4), 2108–2114 (1982)
V.V. Bezrukikh, Results of the measurements of the concentration of charged particles in the plasma cloud of the Earth carried out on board of Elektron 2 and Elektron 4. Kosm. Issled. 8, 273–277 (1970)
V.V. Bezrukikh, K.I. Gringauz, The hot zone in the outer plasmasphere of the Earth. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 38, 1085–1091 (1976)
J. Bortnik, U.S. Inan, T.F. Bell, Frequency-time spectra of magnetospherically reflecting whistlers in the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A1), 1030 (2003)
P.C. Brandt, D.G. Mitchell, Y. Ebihara, B.R. Sandel, E.C. Roelof, J.L. Burch, R. Demajistre, Global IMAGE/HENA observations of the ring current: Examples of rapid response to IMF and ring current–plasmasphere interaction. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1359 (2002)
N.M. Brice, Bulk motion of the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 72(21), 5193–5211 (1967)
N.M. Brice, R.L. Smith, Lower hybrid resonance emissions. J. Geophys. Res. 70(1), 71–80 (1965)
J.L. Burch, IMAGE mission overview. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 1–14 (2000)
J.L. Burch, J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, Cause of plasmasphere corotation lag. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31(5), L05802 (2004)
W.C. Burgess, U.S. Inan, The role of ducted whistlers in the precipitation loss and equilibrium flux of radiation belt electrons. J. Geophys. Res. 98(A9), 15643–15665 (1993)
W.I. Burke, N.C. Maynard, M.P. Hagan, R.A. Wolf, G.R. Wilson, L.C. Gentile, M.S. Gussenhoven, C.Y. Huang, T.W. Garner, F.J. Rich, Electrodynamics of the inner magnetosphere observed in the dusk sector by CRRES and DMSP during the magnetic storm of June 4–6, 1991. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A12), 29399–29418 (1998)
W. Calvert, DE-1 measurements of AKR wave directions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 12(6), 381–384 (1985)
P. Canu, P.M.E. Décréau, J.G. Trotignon, J.L. Rauch, H.C. Séran, P. Fergeau, M. Lévêque, P. Martin, F.X. Sené, E. Le Guirriec, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, Identification of natural plasma emissions observed close to the plasmapause by the Cluster-Whisper relaxation sounder. Ann. Geophys. 19(10), 1697–1709 (2001)
D.L. Carpenter, Whistler evidence of a “knee” in the magnetospheric ionization density profile. J. Geophys. Res. 68(6), 1675–1682 (1963)
D.L. Carpenter, Whistler measurements of the equatorial profile of magnetospheric electron density, in Progress in Radio Science 1960–1996, III, The Ionosphere, ed. by G.M. Brown (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1965), pp. 76–91
D.L. Carpenter, Whistler studies of the plasmapause in the magnetosphere, 1. Temporal variations in the position of the knee and some evidence on plasma motions near the knee. J. Geophys. Res. 71(3), 693–709 (1966)
D.L. Carpenter, Relations between the dawn minimum in the equatorial radius of the plasmapause and Dst, K p , and local K at Byrd Station. J. Geophys. Res. 72(11), 2969–2971 (1967)
D.L. Carpenter, Remarks on the ground-based whistler method of studying the magnetospheric thermal plasma. Ann. Geophys. 26(2), 363–370 (1970a)
D.L. Carpenter, Whistler evidence of the dynamic behavior of the duskside bulge in the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75(19), 3837–3847 (1970b)
D.L. Carpenter, OGO 2 and 4 VLF observations of the asymmetric plasmapause near the time of SAR arc events. J. Geophys. Res. 76(16), 3644–3650 (1971)
D.L. Carpenter, Remote sensing the Earth’s plasmasphere. Rad. Sci. Bull. 308, 13–29 (2004)
D.L. Carpenter, R.R. Anderson, An ISEE/Whistler model of equatorial electron density in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 97(A2), 1097–1108 (1992)
D.L. Carpenter, B.L. Giles, C.R. Chappell, P.M.E. Décréau, R.R. Anderson, A.M. Persoon, A.J. Smith, Y. Corcuff, P. Canu, Plasmasphere dynamics in the duskside bulge region: A new look at an old topic. J. Geophys. Res. 98(A11), 19243–19271 (1993)
D.L. Carpenter, J. Lemaire, The plasmasphere boundary layer. Ann. Geophys. 22(12), 4291–4298 (2004)
D.L. Carpenter, R. Walter, R.E. Barrington, D.J. McEwen, Alouette 1 and 2 observations of abrupt changes in whistler rate and of VLF noise variations at the plasmapause—A satellite-ground study. J. Geophys. Res. 73(9), 2929–2940 (1968)
D.L. Carpenter, A.J. Smith, B.L. Giles, C.R. Chappell, P.M.E. Décréau, A case study of plasma structure in the dusk sector associated with enhanced magnetospheric convection. J. Geophys. Res. 97(A2), 1157–1166 (1992)
D.L. Carpenter, M.A. Spasojević, T.F. Bell, U.S. Inan, B.W. Reinisch, I.A. Galkin, R.F. Benson, J.L. Green, S.F. Fung, S.A. Boardsen, Small-scale field-aligned plasmaspheric density structures inferred from the radio plasma imager on IMAGE. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A9), 1258 (2002)
G. Chanteur, Spatial interpolation for four spacecraft: Theory, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 349–369
G. Chanteur, C.C. Harvey, Spatial interpolation for four spacecraft: Application to magnetic gradients, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 371–393, ISSI SR-001
C.R. Chappell, K.K. Harris, G.W. Sharp, A study of the influence of magnetic activity on the location of the plasmapause as measured by OGO 5. J. Geophys. Res. 75(1), 50–56 (1970)
R.H. Comfort, Plasmasphere thermal structure as measured by ISEE-1 and DE-1. Adv. Space Res. 6(3), 31–40 (1986)
P.D. Craven, D.L. Gallagher, R.H. Comfort, Relative concentration of He+ in the inner magnetosphere as observed by the DE 1 retarding ion mass spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 102(A2), 2279–2289 (1997)
F. Darrouzet, Etude de la magnétosphère terrestre par l’analyse multipoint des données de la mission CLUSTER. Contributions à la caractérisation des frontières et de la magnétosphère interne, Ph.D. thesis, University of Orléans, France (2006). http://www.aeronomie.be/plasmasphere/pdf/Darrouzet_PhDThesis_UniversityOrleans_20060607.pdf
F. Darrouzet, P.M.E. Décréau, J. De Keyser, A. Masson, D.L. Gallagher, O. Santolík, B.R. Sandel, J.G. Trotignon, J.L. Rauch, E. Le Guirriec, P. Canu, F. Sedgemore, M. André, J.F. Lemaire, Density structures inside the plasmasphere: Cluster observations. Ann. Geophys. 22(7), 2577–2585 (2004)
F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, P.M.E. Décréau, D.L. Gallagher, V. Pierrard, J.F. Lemaire, B.R. Sandel, I. Dandouras, H. Matsui, M. Dunlop, J. Cabrera, A. Masson, P. Canu, J.G. Trotignon, J.L. Rauch, M. André, Analysis of plasmaspheric plumes: CLUSTER and IMAGE observations. Ann. Geophys. 24(6), 1737–1758 (2006a)
F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, P.M.E. Décréau, J.F. Lemaire, M.W. Dunlop, Spatial gradients in the plasmasphere from Cluster. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(8), L08105 (2006b)
F. Darrouzet, D.L. Gallagher, N. André, D.L. Carpenter, I. Dandouras, P.M.E. Décréau, J. De Keyser, R.E. Denton, J.C. Foster, J. Goldstein, M.B. Moldwin, B.W. Reinisch, B.R. Sandel, J. Tu, Plasmaspheric density structures and dynamics: Properties observed by the CLUSTER and IMAGE missions. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
J. De Keyser, Least-squares multi-spacecraft gradient calculation with automatic error estimation. Ann. Geophys. 26(11), 3295–3316 (2008)
J. De Keyser, F. Darrouzet, M.W. Dunlop, P.M.E. Décréau, Least-squares gradient calculation from multi-point observations of scalar and vector fields: Methodology and applications with Cluster in the plasmasphere. Ann. Geophys. 25(4), 971–987 (2007)
J. De Keyser, M.W. Dunlop, C.J. Owen, B.U.O. Sonnerup, S.E. Haaland, A. Vaivads, G. Paschmann, R. Lundin, L. Rezeau, Magnetopause and boundary layer. Space Sci. Rev. 118(1–4), 231–320 (2005)
P.M.E. Décréau, C. Beghin, M. Parrot, Global characteristics of the cold plasma in the equatorial plasmapause region as deduced from the GEOS 1 mutual impedance probe. J. Geophys. Res. 87(A2), 695–712 (1982)
P.M.E. Décréau, C. Ducoin, G. Le Rouzic, O. Randriamboarison, J.L. Rauch, J.G. Trotignon, X. Vallières, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, M.P. Gough, A. Buckley, T.D. Carozzi, Observation of continuum radiations from the CLUSTER fleet: First results from direction finding. Ann. Geophys. 22(7), 2607–2624 (2004)
P.M.E. Décréau, P. Fergeau, V. Krasnosels’kikh, E. Le Guirriec, M. Lévêque, P. Martin, O. Randriamboarison, J.L. Rauch, F.X. Sené, H.C. Séran, J.G. Trotignon, P. Canu, N. Cornilleau, H. de Féraudy, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, P.B. Mögensen, G. Gustafsson, M. André, D.A. Gurnett, F. Darrouzet, J. Lemaire, C.C. Harvey, P. Travnicek, Early results from the Whisper instrument on Cluster: An overview. Ann. Geophys. 19(10), 1241–1258 (2001)
Z.C. Dent, I.R. Mann, J. Goldstein, F.W. Menk, L.G. Ozeke, Plasmaspheric depletion, refilling, and plasmapause dynamics: A coordinated ground-based and IMAGE satellite study. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A03205 (2006)
R.E. Denton, J. Goldstein, J.D. Menietti, Field line dependence of magnetospheric electron density. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(24), 2205 (2002)
J.W. Dungey, The theory of the quiet magnetosphere, in Proceedings of the 1966 Symposium on Solar–Terrestrial Physics, ed. by J.W. King, W.S. Newman (Belgrade, 1967), pp. 91–106
M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, Magnetopause current as seen by Cluster. Ann. Geophys. 23(3), 901–907 (2005)
M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, K.-H. Glassmeier, Four-point Cluster application of magnetic field analysis tools: The discontinuity analyzer. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1385 (2002)
M.W. Dunlop, J.P. Eastwood, The curlometer and other gradient based methods, in Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Methods Revisited, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-008 (ESA Communications, 2008), pp. 17–25
M.W. Dunlop, T.I. Woodward, Multi-spacecraft discontinuity analysis: Orientation and motion, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 271–306
M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, Q.-Q. Shi, Z. Pu, C. Vallat, P. Robert, S. Haaland, C. Shen, J.A. Davies, K.-H. Glassmeier, P. Cargill, F. Darrouzet, A. Roux, The curlometer and other gradient measurements with Cluster. Proceedings of the Cluster and Double Star Symposium, 5th Anniversary of Cluster in Space, ESA SP-598 (2006)
J.P. Eastwood, A. Balogh, M.W. Dunlop, C.W. Smith, Cluster observations of the heliospheric current sheet and an associated magnetic flux rope and comparisons with ACE. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1365 (2002)
C.P. Escoubet, C.T. Russell, R. Schmidt (eds.), The Cluster and Phoenix Missions (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1997)
J.C. Foster, P.J. Erickson, A.J. Coster, J. Goldstein, F.J. Rich, Ionospheric signatures of plasmaspheric tails. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(13), 1623 (2002)
J.C. Foster, W. Rideout, B. Sandel, W.T. Forrester, F.J. Rich, On the relationship of SAPS to storm-enhanced density. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 303–313 (2007)
S.F. Fung, R.F. Benson, D.L. Carpenter, J.L. Green, V. Jayanti, I.A. Galkin, B.W. Reinisch, Guided echoes in the magnetosphere: Observations by radio plasma imager on IMAGE. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(11), 1589 (2003)
S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, Modeling of field-aligned guided echoes in the plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res. 110(A1), A01210 (2005)
I. Galkin, B.W. Reinisch, G. Grinstein, G. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, X. Huang, S. Fung, Automated exploration of the radio plasma imager data. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A12210 (2004a)
I. Galkin, B.W. Reinisch, X. Huang, R.F. Benson, S. Fung, Automated diagnostics for resonance signature recognition on IMAGE/RPI plasmagrams. Radio Sci. 39(1), RS1015 (2004b)
I.A. Galkin, G. Khmyrov, A. Kozlov, B.W. Reinisch, Intelligent resident archive for RPI Level 2 data, in Radio Sounding and Plasma Physics, ed. by P. Song, J. Foster, M. Mendillo, D. Bilitza. AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 974 (2008), pp. 111–117
D.L. Gallagher, M.L. Adrian, Two-dimensional drift velocities from the IMAGE EUV plasmaspheric imager. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 341–350 (2007)
D.L. Gallagher, M.L. Adrian, M.W. Liemohn, Origin and evolution of deep plasmaspheric notches. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A09201 (2005)
D.A. Galvan, M.B. Moldwin, B.R. Sandel, Diurnal variation in plasmaspheric He+ inferred from extreme ultraviolet images. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A09216 (2008)
G. Ganguli, M.A. Reynolds, M.W. Liemohn, The plasmasphere and advances in plasmaspheric research. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 62(17–18), 1647–1657 (2000)
L.N. Garcia, S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, S.A. Boardsen, B.R. Sandel, B.W. Reinisch, Observations of the latitudinal structure of plasmaspheric convection plumes by IMAGE-RPI and EUV. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A8), 1321 (2003)
J. Geiss, H. Balsiger, P. Eberhardt, H.P. Walker, L. Weber, D.T. Young, H. Rosenbauer, Dynamics of magnetospheric ion composition as observed by the GEOS mass spectrometer. Space Sci. Rev. 22(5), 537–566 (1978)
A.R. Gibby, U.S. Inan, T.F. Bell, Saturation effects in the VLF triggered emission process. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A11215 (2008)
J. Goldstein, R.W. Spiro, P.H. Reiff, R.A. Wolf, B.R. Sandel, J.W. Freeman, R.L. Lambour, IMF-driven overshielding electric field and the origin of the plasmaspheric shoulder of May 24, 2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(16), 1819 (2002)
J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, W.T. Forrester, P.H. Reiff, IMF-driven plasmasphere erosion of 10 July 2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(3), 1146 (2003a)
J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, M.R. Hairston, P.H. Reiff, Control of plasmaspheric dynamics by both convection and sub-auroral polarization stream. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(24), 2243 (2003b)
J. Goldstein, M. Spasojević, P.H. Reiff, B.R. Sandel, W.T. Forrester, D.L. Gallagher, B.W. Reinisch, Identifying the plasmapause in IMAGE EUV data using IMAGE RPI in situ steep density gradients. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A4), 1147 (2003c)
J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, M.F. Thomsen, M. Spasojević, P.H. Reiff, Simultaneous remote sensing and in situ observations of plasmaspheric drainage plumes. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A03202 (2004)
J. Goldstein, J.L. Burch, B.R. Sandel, Magnetospheric model of subauroral polarization stream. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A09222 (2005)
J. Goldstein, B.R. Sandel, H.U. Frey, S.B. Mende, Multiple plasmapause undulations observed by the IMAGE satellite on 20 March 2001. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 322–333 (2007)
M.P. Gough, Non-thermal continuum emissions associated with electron injections: Remote plasmapause sounding. Planet. Space Sci. 30(7), 657–668 (1982)
J.L. Green, B.W. Reinisch, An overview of results from RPI on Image. Space Sci. Rev. 109(1–4), 183–210 (2003)
R.S. Grew, F.W. Menk, M.A. Clilverd, B.R. Sandel, Mass and electron densities in the inner magnetosphere during a prolonged disturbed interval. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L02108 (2007)
S. Grimald, P.M.E. Décréau, P. Canu, X. Suraud, X. Vallières, F. Darrouzet, C.C. Harvey, A quantitative test of Jones NTC beaming theory using Cluster constellation. Ann. Geophys. 25(3), 823–831 (2007)
K.I. Gringauz, The structure of the ionized gas envelope of the Earth from direct measurements in the USSR of local charged particle concentrations. Planet. Space Sci. 11(3), 281–296 (1963)
K.I. Gringauz, V.V. Bezrukikh, Plasmasphere of the Earth (Review). Geomagn. Aeron. 17(5), 523–533 (1977)
K.I. Gringauz, V.G. Kurt, V.I. Moroz, I.S. Shklovsky, Results of observations of charged particles observed out to R=100,000 km with the aid of charged-particle traps on Soviet space rockets. Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 37, 716–735 (1960)
K.I. Gringauz, V.V. Bezrukikh, V.D. Ozerov, R.E. Rybchinskii, The study of interplanetary ionized gas, high-energy electrons and corpuscular radiation of the Sun, employing three-electrode charged particle traps on the second Soviet space rocket. Planet. Space Sci. 9(3), 103–107 (1962)
C. Gurgiolo, B.R. Sandel, J.D. Perez, D.G. Mitchell, C.J. Pollock, B.A. Larsen, Overlap of the plasmasphere and ring current: Relation to subauroral ionospheric heating. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A12217 (2005)
D.A. Gurnett, The Earth as a radio source: The nonthermal continuum. J. Geophys. Res. 80(19), 2751–2763 (1975)
D.A. Gurnett, U.S. Inan, Plasma wave observations with the Dynamics Explorer 1 spacecraft. Rev. Geophys. 26(2), 285–316 (1988)
D.A. Gurnett, F.L. Scarf, Summary report on session on new developments, in Progress in Radio Science, 1963–1966 (International Union of Radio Science, Brussels, 1967), pp. 1106–1107
G. Gustafsson, M. André, T. Carozzi, A.I. Eriksson, C.-G. Fälthammar, R. Grard, G. Holmgren, J.A. Holtet, N. Ivchenko, T. Karlsson, Y. Khotyaintsev, S. Klimov, H. Laakso, P.-A. Lindqvist, B. Lybekk, G. Marklund, F. Mozer, K. Mursula, A. Pedersen, B. Popielawska, S. Savin, K. Stasiewicz, P. Tanskanen, A. Vaivads, J.E. Wahlund, First results of electric field and density observations by Cluster EFW based on initial months of observations. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1219–1240 (2001)
S. Haaland, B.U.Ö. Sonnerup, M.W. Dunlop, A. Balogh, H. Hasegawa, B. Klecker, G. Paschmann, B. Lavraud, H. Rème, Four-spacecraft determination of magnetopause orientation, motion and thickness: Comparison with results from single-spacecraft methods. Ann. Geophys. 22(4), 1347–1365 (2004)
P. Hannequin, J. Max, Statistical and heuristic image noise extraction (SHINE): A new method for processing Poisson noise in scintigraphic images. Phys. Medicine Biol. 47, 4329–4344 (2002)
W.B. Hanson, I.B. Ortenburger, The coupling between the protonosphere and the normal F region. J. Geophys. Res. 66(5), 1425–1435 (1961)
C.C. Harvey, Spatial gradients and the volumetric tensor, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 307–322
K. Hashimoto, J.J. Green, R.R. Anderson, H. Matsumoto, Review of kilometric continuum, in Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation, ed. by J.W. LaBelle, R.A. Treumann. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 687 (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 37–51
M. Hayakawa, Whistlers, in Handbook of atmospheric electrodynamics, ed. by H. Volland, vol. II (CRC, Boca Raton, 1995), pp. 155–194
M. Hayakawa, S.S. Sazhin, Mid-latitude and plasmaspheric hiss: A review. Planet. Space Sci. 40(10), 1325–1338 (1992)
S. Heise, N. Jakowski, D. Cooke, Ionosphere/plasmasphere imaging based on GPS navigation measurements from CHAMP and SAC-C, in Earth Observation with CHAMP: Results from Three Years in Orbit, ed. by C. Reigber, H. Lühr, P. Schwintzer, J. Wickert (Springer, Berlin, 2005), pp. 471–476
R.A. Helliwell, VLF wave stimulation experiments in the magnetosphere from Siple Station, Antarctica. Rev. Geophys. 26(3), 551–578 (1988)
R.A. Helliwell, J.P. Katsufrakis, VLF wave injection into the magnetosphere from Siple Station, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. 79(16), 2511–2518 (1974)
R.L. Heyborne, R.L. Smith, R.A. Helliwell, Latitudinal cutoff of VLF signals in the ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 74(9), 2393–2397 (1969)
D. Ho, D.L. Carpenter, Outlying plasmasphere structure detected by whistlers. Planet. Space Sci. 24(10), 987–994 (1976)
J.L. Horwitz, R.H. Comfort, C.R. Chappell, A statistical characterization of plasmasphere density structure and boundary locations. J. Geophys. Res. 95(A6), 7937–7947 (1990)
X. Huang, B.W. Reinisch, Automatic calculation of electron density profiles from digital ionograms. 2. True height inversion of topside ionograms with the profile-fitting method. Radio Sci. 17(4), 837–844 (1982)
X. Huang, B.W. Reinisch, P. Song, J.L. Green, D.L. Gallagher, Developing an empirical density model of the plasmasphere using IMAGE/RPI observations. Adv. Space Res. 33(6), 829–832 (2004)
U.S. Inan, T.F. Bell, R.A. Helliwell, Nonlinear pitch angle scattering of energetic electrons by coherent VLF waves in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 83(A7), 3235–3253 (1978)
D. Jones, Terrestrial myriametric radiation from the Earth’s plasmapause. Planet. Space Sci. 30(4), 399–410 (1982)
Y. Kasaba, H. Matsumoto, K. Hashimoto, R.R. Anderson, J.-L. Bougeret, M.L. Kaiser, X.Y. Wu, I. Nagano, Remote sensing of the plasmapause during substorms: Geotail observation of nonthermal continuum enhancement. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A9), 20389–20405 (1998)
C.R. Kennel, H.E. Petschek, Limit on stably trapped particle fluxes. J. Geophys. Res. 71(1), 1–28 (1966)
G.V. Khazanov, M.W. Liemohn, T.S. Newman, M.-C. Fok, R.W. Spiro, Self-consistent magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling: Theoretical studies. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A3), 1122 (2003)
I. Kimura, Effects of ions on whistler-mode ray tracing. Radio Sci. 1, 269–283 (1966)
G.A. Kotova, The Earth’s plasmasphere: State of studies (a review). Geomagn. Aeron. 47(4), 409–422 (2007)
G.A. Kotova, V.V. Bezrukikh, M.I. Verigin, J. Smilauer, New aspects in plasmaspheric ion temperature variations from INTERBALL 2 and MAGION 5 measurements. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 70(2–4), 399–406 (2008)
H. Laakso, A. Pedersen, Ambient electron density derived from differential potential measurements, in Measurements Techniques in Space Plasmas: Particles, ed. by R.F. Pfaff, J.E. Borovsky, D.T. Young. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 102 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 1998), pp. 49–54
H. Laakso, R. Pfaff, P. Janhunen, Polar observations of electron density distribution in the Earth’s magnetosphere. 1. Statistical results. Ann. Geophys. 20(11), 1711–1724 (2002)
J.W. LaBelle, R.A. Treumann (eds.), Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 687 (Springer, Berlin, 2006)
B.A. Larsen, D.M. Klumpar, C. Gurgiolo, Correlation between plasmapause position and solar wind parameters. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 69(3), 334–340 (2007)
M.J. LeDocq, D.A. Gurnett, R.R. Anderson, Electron number density fluctuations near the plasmapause observed by the CRRES spacecraft. J. Geophys. Res. 99(A12), 23661–23671 (1994)
J.F. Lemaire, The mechanisms of formation of the plasmapause. Ann. Geophys. 31, 175–190 (1975)
J.F. Lemaire, K.I. Gringauz, The Earth’s Plasmasphere (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1998)
M.W. Liemohn, P.C. Brandt, Small-scale structure in the storm time ring current, in Inner Magnetosphere Interactions: New Perspectives from Imaging, ed. by J.L. Burch, M. Schulz, H. Spence. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 159 (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 2005), pp. 167–177
A. Masson, O. Santolík, D.L. Carpenter, F. Darrouzet, P.M.E. Décréau, J.L. Green, S. Grimald, F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, M.B. Moldwin, F. Němec, Advances in plasmaspheric wave research with CLUSTER and IMAGE observations. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
H. Matsui, J.C. Foster, D.L. Carpenter, I. Dandouras, F. Darrouzet, J. De Keyser, D.L. Gallagher, J. Goldstein, P.A. Puhl-Quinn, C. Vallat, Electric fields and magnetic fields in the plasmasphere: A perspective from CLUSTER and IMAGE. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
H. Matsumoto, I. Kimura, Linear and nonlinear instabilities and VLF emissions in the magnetosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 19(6), 567–608 (1971)
C.E. McIlwain, Coordinates for mapping the distribution of magnetically trapped particles. J. Geophys. Res. 66(11), 3681–3691 (1961)
D.G. Mitchell, S.E. Jaskulek, C.E. Schlemm, E.P. Keath, R.E. Thompson, B.E. Tossman, J.D. Boldt, J.R. Hayes, G.B. Andrews, N. Paschalidis, D.C. Hamilton, R.A. Lundgren, E.O. Tums, P. Wilson, H.D. Voss, D. Prentice, K.C. Hsieh, C.C. Curtis, F.R. Powell, High energy neutral atom (HENA) imager for the IMAGE mission. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 67–112 (2000)
M.B. Moldwin, L. Downward, H.K. Rassoul, R. Amin, R.R. Anderson, A new model of the location of the plasmapause: CRRES results. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A11), 1339 (2002)
M.B. Moldwin, B.R. Sandel, M.F. Thomsen, R.C. Elphic, Quantifying global plasmaspheric images with in situ observations. Space Sci. Rev. 109(1), 47–61 (2003)
M.B. Moldwin, M.F. Thomsen, S.J. Bame, D.J. McComas, K.R. Moore, An examination of the structure and dynamics of the outer plasmasphere using multiple geosynchronous satellites. J. Geophys. Res. 99(A6), 11475–11481 (1994)
T.E. Moore, D.J. Chornay, M.R. Collier, F.A. Herrero, J. Johnson, M.A. Johnson, J.W. Keller, J.F. Laudadio, J.F. Lobell, K.W. Ogilvie, P. Rozmarynowski, S.A. Fuselier, A.G. Ghielmetti, E. Hertzberg, D.C. Hamilton, R. Lundgren, P. Wilson, P. Walpole, T.M. Stephen, B.L. Peko, B. Van Zyl, P. Wurz, J.M. Quinn, G.R. Wilson, The Low Energy Neutral Atom imager for IMAGE. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 155–195 (2000)
S.R. Mosier, M.L. Kaiser, L.W. Brown, Observations of noise bands associated with the upper hybrid resonance by the IMP 6 radio astronomy experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 78(10), 1673–1679 (1973)
O. Moullard, A. Masson, H. Laakso, M. Parrot, P.M.E. Décréau, O. Santolík, M. André, Density modulated whistler mode emissions observed near the plasmapause. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(20), 1975 (2002)
A. Nishida, Formation of plasmapause, or magnetospheric plasma knee, by the combined action of magnetospheric convection and plasma escape from the tail. J. Geophys. Res. 71(23), 5669–5679 (1966)
P.A. Nsumei, B.W. Reinisch, P. Song, J. Tu, X. Huang, Polar cap electron density distribution from IMAGE/RPI measurements: The relative importance of solar illumination and geomagnetic activity. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A01217 (2008)
D. Nunn, A self-consistent theory of triggered VLF emissions. Plan. Space Sci. 22(3), 349–378 (1974)
Y. Omura, H. Matsumoto, Computer simulations of basic processes of coherent whistler-mode wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 87(A6), 4435–4444 (1982)
C.G. Park, Whistler observations of the interchange of ionization between the ionosphere and the protonosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75(22), 4249–4260 (1970)
E.W. Paschal, R.A. Helliwell, Phase measurements of whistler mode signals from the Siple VLF transmitter. J. Geophys. Res. 89(A3), 1667–1674 (1984)
G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly (eds.), Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, Noordwijk, 1998)
G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly (eds.), Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Methods Revisited. ISSI SR-008 (ESA Communications, Noordwijk, 2008)
G. Paschmann, J.M. Quinn, R.B. Torbert, H. Vaith, C.E. McIlwain, G. Haerendel, O.H. Bauer, T. Bauer, W. Baumjohann, W. Fillius, M. Förster, S. Frey, E. Georgescu, S.S. Kerr, C.A. Kletzing, H. Matsui, P. Puhl-Quinn, E.C. Whipple, The Electron Drift Instrument on Cluster: Overview of first results. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1273–1288 (2001)
G. Paschmann, S.J. Schwartz, C.P. Escoubet, S. Haaland (eds.), Outer Magnetospheric Boundaries: Cluster Results. Space Science Series of ISSI, vol. 20 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2005)
A. Pedersen, Solar wind and magnetosphere plasma diagnostics by spacecraft electrostatic potential measurements. Ann. Geophys. 13(2), 118–129 (1995)
A. Pedersen, P. Décréau, C.P. Escoubet, G. Gustafsson, H. Laakso, P.-A. Lindqvist, B. Lybekk, A. Masson, F. Mozer, A. Vaivads, Four-point high resolution information on electron densities by the electric field experiments (EFW) on Cluster. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1483–1489 (2001)
A. Pedersen, B. Lybekk, M. André, A. Eriksson, A. Masson, F.S. Mozer, P.-A. Lindqvist, P.M.E. Décréau, I. Dandouras, J.-A. Sauvaud, A. Fazakerley, M. Taylor, G. Paschmann, K.R. Svenes, K. Torkar, E. Whipple, Electron density estimations derived from spacecraft potential measurements on Cluster in tenuous plasma regions. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A07S33 (2008)
V. Pierrard, J. Goldstein, N. André, V.K. Jordanova, G.A. Kotova, J.F. Lemaire, M.W. Liemohn, H. Matsui, Recent progress in physics-based models of the plasmasphere. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
C.J. Pollock, K. Asamura, J. Baldonado, M.M. Balkey, P. Barker, J.L. Burch, E.J. Korpela, J. Cravens, G. Dirks, M.-C. Fok, H.O. Funsten, M. Grande, M. Gruntman, J. Hanley, J.M. Jahn, M. Jenkins, M. Lampton, M. Marckwordt, D.J. McComas, T. Mukai, G. Penegor, S. Pope, S. Ritzau, M.L. Schattenburg, E. Scime, R. Skoug, W. Spurgeon, T. Stecklein, S. Storms, C. Urdiales, P. Valek, J.T.M. Van Beek, S.E. Weidner, M. Wüest, M.K. Young, C. Zinsmeyer, Medium Energy Neutral Atom (MENA) imager for the IMAGE mission. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 113–154 (2000)
J.L. Rauch, X. Suraud, P.M.E. Décréau, J.G. Trotignon, R. Ledée, G. Lemercier, F. El-Lemdani Mazouz, S. Grimald, G. Bozan, X. Vallières, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, Automatic determination of the plasma frequency using image processing on WHISPER data. Proceedings of the Cluster and Double Star Symposium, 5th Anniversary of Cluster in Space. ESA SP-598 (2006)
B.W. Reinisch, G.S. Sales, D.M. Haines, S.F. Fung, W.W.L. Taylor, Radio wave active Doppler imaging of space plasma structures: Arrival angle, wave polarization, and Faraday rotation measurements with the radio plasma imager. Radio Sci. 34(6), 1513–1524 (1999)
B.W. Reinisch, D.M. Haines, K. Bibl, G. Cheney, I.A. Galkin, X. Huang, S.H. Myers, G.S. Sales, R.F. Benson, S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, S. Boardsen, W.W.L. Taylor, J.L. Bougeret, R. Manning, N. Meyer-Vernet, M. Moncuquet, D.L. Carpenter, D.L. Gallagher, P. Reiff, The Radio Plasma Imager investigation on the IMAGE spacecraft. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 319–359 (2000)
B.W. Reinisch, X. Huang, P. Song, G.S. Sales, S.F. Fung, J.L. Green, D.L. Gallagher, V.M. Vasyliunas, Plasma density distribution along the magnetospheric field: RPI observations from IMAGE. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(24), 4521–4524 (2001)
B.W. Reinisch, X. Huang, P. Song, J.L. Green, S.F. Fung, V.M. Vasyliunas, D.L. Gallagher, B.R. Sandel, Plasmaspheric mass loss and refilling as a result of a magnetic storm. J. Geophys. Res. 109, A01202 (2004)
B.W. Reinisch, M.B. Moldwin, R.E. Denton, D.L. Gallagher, H. Matsui, V. Pierrard, J. Tu, Augmented empirical models of plasmaspheric density and electric field using IMAGE and CLUSTER data. Space Sci. Rev. (2008, this issue)
H. Rème, C. Aoustin, J.M. Bosqued, I. Dandouras, B. Lavraud, J.A. Sauvaud, A. Barthe, J. Bouyssou, Th. Camus, O. Coeur-Joly, A. Cros, J. Cuvilo, F. Ducay, Y. Garbarowitz, J.L. Médale, E. Penou, H. Perrier, D. Romefort, J. Rouzaud, C. Vallat, D. Alcaydé, C. Jacquey, C. Mazelle, C. d’Uston, E. Möbius, L.M. Kistler, K. Crocker, M. Granoff, C. Mouikis, M. Popecki, M. Vosbury, B. Klecker, D. Hovestadt, H. Kucharek, E. Kuenneth, G. Paschmann, M. Scholer, N. Sckopke, E. Seidenschwang, C.W. Carlson, D.W. Curtis, C. Ingraham, R.P. Lin, J.P. McFadden, G.K. Parks, T. Phan, V. Formisano, E. Amata, M.B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, P. Baldetti, R. Bruno, G. Chionchio, A. Di Lellis, M.F. Marcucci, G. Pallocchia, A. Korth, P.W. Daly, B. Graeve, H. Rosenbauer, V. Vasyliunas, M. McCarthy, M. Wilber, L. Eliasson, R. Lundin, S. Olsen, E.G. Shelley, S. Fuselier, A.G. Ghielmetti, W. Lennartsson, C.P. Escoubet, H. Balsiger, R. Friedel, J.-B. Cao, R.A. Kovrazhkin, I. Papamastorakis, R. Pellat, J. Scudder, B. Sonnerup, First multi-spacecraft ion measurements in and near the Earth’s magnetosphere with the identical Cluster ion spectrometry (CIS) experiment. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1303–1354 (2001)
A.D. Richmond, Self-induced motions of thermal plasma in the magnetosphere and the stability of the plasmapause. Radio Sci. 8(11), 1019–1027 (1973)
P. Robert, A. Roux, C.C. Harvey, M.W. Dunlop, P.W. Daly, K.-H. Glassmeier, Tetrahedron geometric factors, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 323–348
E.C. Roelof, A.J. Skinner, Extraction of ion distributions from magnetospheric ENA and EUV images. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 437–459 (2000)
B.R. Sandel, M.H. Denton, Global view of refilling of the plasmasphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L17102 (2007)
B.R. Sandel, A.L. Broadfoot, C.C. Curtis, R.A. King, T.C. Stone, R.H. Hill, J. Chen, O.H.W. Siegmund, R. Raffanti, D.D. Allred, R.S. Turley, D.L. Gallagher, The Extreme UltraViolet imager investigation for the IMAGE mission. Space Sci. Rev. 91(1–2), 197–242 (2000)
B.R. Sandel, J. Goldstein, D.L. Gallagher, M. Spasojević, Extreme ultraviolet imager observations of the structure and dynamics of the plasmasphere. Space Sci. Rev. 109(1), 25–46 (2003)
S.S. Sazhin, M. Hayakawa, K. Bullough, Whistler diagnostics of magnetospheric parameters: A review. Ann. Geophys. 10(5), 293–308 (1992)
G.P. Serbu, E.J.R. Maier, Low-energy electrons measured on IMP 2. J. Geophys. Res. 71(15), 3755–3766 (1966)
G.P. Serbu, E.J.R. Maier, Thermal plasma measurements within the magnetosphere, in Space Research VII, vol. 1, ed. by R.L. Smith-Rose, S.A. Bowhill, J.W. King (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1967), p. 527
G.P. Serbu, E.J.R. Maier, Observations from OGO 5 of the thermal ion density and temperature within the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 75(31), 6102–6113 (1970)
R.R. Shaw, D.A. Gurnett, A test of two theories for the low-frequency cutoffs of nonthermal continuum radiation. J. Geophys. Res. 85(A9), 4571–4576 (1980)
D.R. Shklyar, F. Jiříček, Simulation of nonducted whistler spectrograms observed aboard the MAGION 4 and 5 satellites. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 62(5), 347–370 (2000)
D.G. Sibeck, L. Prech, J. Safrankova, Z. Nemecek, Two-point measurements of the magnetopause: Interball observations. J. Geophys. Res. 105(A1), 237–244 (2000)
J. Smilauer, V. Truhlik, J. Boskova, P. Triska, J. Schultchishin, Observations of thermal O++ ions in the outer ionosphere. Adv. Space Res. 17(10), 135–140 (1996)
R.L. Smith, J.J. Angerami, Magnetospheric properties deduced from OGO 1 observations of ducted and non-ducted whistlers. J. Geophys. Res. 73(1), 1–20 (1968)
B.U.Ö. Sonnerup, M. Scheible, Minimum and maximum variance analysis, in Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data, ed. by G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly. ISSI SR-001 (ESA Publications Division, 1998), pp. 185–220.
V.S. Sonwalkar, Magnetospheric LF-, VLF-, and ELF-waves, in Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, vol. II, ed. by H. Volland (CRC, Boca Raton, 1995), pp. 407–462
V.S. Sonwalkar, The influence of plasma density irregularities on whistler-mode wave propagation, in Geospace Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation, ed. by J.W. LaBelle, R.A. Treumann. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 687 (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 141–183
M. Spasojević, J. Goldstein, D.L. Carpenter, U.S. Inan, B.R. Sandel, M.B. Moldwin, B.W. Reinisch, Global response of the plasmasphere to a geomagnetic disturbance. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A9), 1340 (2003)
S.M. Stankov, N. Jakowski, S. Heise, Reconstruction of ion and electron density profiles from space-based measurements of the upper electron content. Planet. Space Sci. 53(9), 945–957 (2005)
L.R.O. Storey, An investigation of whistling atmospherics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (Lond.) 246A, 113–141 (1953)
L.R.O. Storey, F. Lefeuvre, The analysis of 6-component measurements of a random electromagnetic wave field in a magnetoplasma. I. The direct problem. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 56(2), 255–269 (1979)
L.R.O. Storey, F. Lefeuvre, The analysis of 6-component measurements of a random electromagnetic wave field in a magnetoplasma. II. The integration kernels. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 62(1), 173–194 (1980)
H.A. Taylor Jr., H.C. Brinton, C.R. Smith, Positive ion composition in the magnetoionosphere obtained from the OGO-A satellite. J. Geophys. Res. 70(23), 5769–5781 (1965)
H.A. Taylor Jr., H.C. Brinton, M.W. Pharo III, Contraction of the plasmasphere during geomagnetically disturbed periods. J. Geophys. Res. 73(3), 961–968 (1968)
H.A. Taylor Jr., H.C. Brinton, D.L. Carpenter, F.M. Bonner, R.L. Heyborne, Ion depletion in the high-latitude exosphere: Simultaneous OGO 2 observations of the light ion trough and the VLF cutoff. J. Geophys. Res. 74(14), 3517–3528 (1969)
H.A. Taylor Jr., J.M. Grebowsky, W.J. Walsh, Structured variations of the plasmapause: Evidence of a corotating plasma tail. J. Geophys. Res. 76(28), 6806–6814 (1971)
M.F. Thomsen, D.J. McComas, J.E. Borovsky, R.C. Elphic, The magnetospheric trough, in Geospace Mass and Energy Flow: Results from the International Solar–Terrestrial Physics program, ed. by J.L. Horwitz, D.L. Gallagher, W.K. Peterson. Geophysical Monograph Series (American Geophysical Union, Washington, 1998), pp. 355–369.
R.M. Thorne, E.J. Smith, R.K. Burton, R.E. Holzer, Plasmaspheric hiss. J. Geophys. Res. 78(10), 1581–1596 (1973)
J.G. Trotignon, P.M.E. Décréau, J.L. Rauch, O. Randriamboarison, V. Krasnosels’kikh, P. Canu, H. Alleyne, K. Yearby, E. Le Guirriec, H.C. Séran, F.X. Sené, P. Martin, M. Lévêque, P. Fergeau, How to determine the thermal electron density and the magnetic field strength from the CLUSTER/WHISPER observations around the Earth. Ann. Geophys. 19(10–12), 1711–1720 (2001)
J.G. Trotignon, P.M.E. Décréau, J.L. Rauch, E. Le Guirriec, P. Canu, F. Darrouzet, The Whisper relaxation sounder onboard Cluster: A powerful tool for space plasma diagnosis around the Earth. Cosmic Res. 41(4), 369–372 (2003)
N.A. Tsyganenko, D.P. Stern, Modeling the global magnetic field of the large-scale Birkeland current systems. J. Geophys. Res. 101(A12), 27187–27198 (1996)
J. Tu, P. Song, B. Reinisch, X. Huang, J.L. Green, H.U. Frey, P.H. Reiff, Electron density images of the middle- and high-latitude magnetosphere in response to the solar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A12210 (2005)
C. Vallat, I. Dandouras, M. Dunlop, A. Balogh, E. Lucek, G.K. Parks, M. Wilber, E.C. Roelof, G. Chanteur, H. Rème, First current density measurements in the ring current region using simultaneous multi-spacecraft CLUSTER-FGM data. Ann. Geophys. 23(5), 1849–1865 (2005)
C. Wang, T.S. Newman, D.L. Gallagher, Plasmapause equatorial shape determination via the Minimum L Algorithm: Description and evaluation. J. Geophys. Res. 112, A12201 (2007)
S. Watanabe, B.A. Whalen, A.W. Yau, Thermal ion observations of depletion and refilling in the plasmaspheric trough. J. Geophys. Res. 97(A2), 1081–1096 (1992)
D.J. Williams, E.C. Roelof, D.G. Mitchell, Global magnetospheric imaging. Rev. Geophys. 30(3), 183–208 (1992)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, BV
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
De Keyser, J., Carpenter, D.L., Darrouzet, F., Gallagher, D.L., Tu, J. (2009). CLUSTER and IMAGE: New Ways to Study the Earth’s Plasmasphere. In: Darrouzet, F., De Keyser, J., Pierrard, V. (eds) The Earth’s Plasmasphere. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1323-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1323-4_3
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1322-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1323-4
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)