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Trait and State Differences in Working Memory Capacity

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Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition

Part of the book series: The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality ((SSHE))

Abstract

Everyday, we use the limited resources of working memory (WM) across situations. For example, we use them as we drive to work attempting to create and maintain a list of tasks and meetings for the day. In this situation, imagine that an unexpected phone call informs us that two meetings have been rescheduled: a first one for a different time today and a second one for tomorrow. After receiving this message, we attempt to update our newly created task list within WM to incorporate the new meeting times. At the same time, we resist interference from the new information we have received from the recent phone call and from other thoughts that this call has brought to mind. Bear in mind that all this happens while we are driving a car, a task that is entirely different from creating, maintaining, and updating our schedule for the day. Some of us manage these tasks simultaneously without much effort, whereas some of us cannot perform this sequence successfully, forgetting half of today’s tasks or making the wrong turn. To complicate this picture, individual differences in managing information in WM partly stem from temporary states of mind that influence a successful management of the task at hand. Let us imagine that the driver had to prepare a talk for one of today’s meetings and spent the whole night preparing. In addition, she might have had an argument with her spouse in the morning. Thus, she might have experienced sleep deprivation, stress, anxiety, and fatigue, which are additional factors that often worsen our ability to utilize WM.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For extended discussion concerning alternative hypotheses of what might cause individual differences in WMC, see Engle and Kane (2004) and Engle et al. (1992).

  2. 2.

    We thank the editors to point that out.

  3. 3.

    Interested readers are directed to Wilhelm and Engle (2005; see also Shamosh et al., 2008; Wright et al., 2000).

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  1. School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0710, USA

    Małgorzata Ilkowska & Randall W. Engle

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  1. Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Al. Mickiewicza 3, Cracow, 31-120, Poland

    Aleksandra Gruszka

  2. Dept. Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Dyer Hall 217, Cincinnati, 45221, USA

    Gerald Matthews

  3. Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Al. Mickiewicza 3, Cracow, 31-120, Poland

    Blazej Szymura

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Ilkowska, M., Engle, R.W. (2010). Trait and State Differences in Working Memory Capacity. In: Gruszka, A., Matthews, G., Szymura, B. (eds) Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition. The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1210-7_18

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