Abstract
The field of entrepreneurship has struggled since the 1970 s to define itself as a field and gain legitimacy as a valid academic area of research (Cooper, 2003). Much of the work in entrepreneurship was either theoretical or used the phenomena as a context in which to observe other theories (Alvarez & Barney, 2008). This led to a “land grab” mentality—almost a rapaciousness—regarding entrepreneurship research among many of the established disciplines—economics, sociology, organization behavior, strategy, organization theory—looking for something new to study.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
An opportunity is defined in this chapter as a market imperfection.
- 2.
Markets are socially constructed entities.
- 3.
There are several definitions of the term organizational form; we mean it in its most general sense. We view the organizational form as a distinct social entity Scott, W.R. 1987. The adolescence of institutional theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32: 493–511.
References
Aldrich, H., & Fiol, C. M. 1994. Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19(4): 645–670.
Aldrich, H. E., & Kenworthy, A. L. 1999. The accidental entrepreneur: Campbellian antinomies and organizational foundings. In J. A. C. Baum, & B. McKelvey (Eds.), Variations in Organization Science: In Honor of Donald T. Campbell: 19–33. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Aldrich, H. E., & Mueller, S. 1982. The evolution of organizational forms: Technology, coordination, and control. In B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 4. Greenwich: JAI.
Aldrich, H. E., & Ruef, M. 2006. Organizations Evolving (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. 2005. How entrepreneurs organize firms under conditions of uncertainty. Journal of Management, 31(5): 776–793.
Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. 2007. Discovery and creation: Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1–2): 11–26.
Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. 2008. Opportunities, organizations, and entrepreneurship: Theory and debate. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(3): 171–173.
Alvarez, S. A., & Parker, S. 2006. New firm organization and the emergence of concentrated control rights: A Bayesian approach. Fisher College Center for Entrepreneurship, Working Paper Series.
Alvarez, S. A., & Parker, S. 2009. New firm organization and the emergence of control rights: A Bayesian approach. Academy of Management Review, 34(2): 209–227.
Argote, L. 1999. Organizational Learning: Creating, Retaining and Transferring Knowledge. Norwell: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Argyris, C., & Schon, D. 1978. Organizational Learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Arthur, W. B. 1989. Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events. Economic Journal, 99(394): 116–131.
Azevedo, J. 1997. Mapping Reality. An Evolutionary Realist Methodology for the Natural and Social Sciences. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Azevedo, J. 2002. Updating organizational epistemology. In J. A. C. Baum (Ed.), Companion to Organizations: 715–732. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Baker, T., & Nelson, R. 2005. Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3): 329–366.
Barney, J. B. 1986. Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, 32(10): 1231–1241.
Baum, J. 1996. Organizational ecology. In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of Organization Studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bayes, T. 1764. An essay toward solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 53: 370–418.
Bazerman, M. H. 2002. Judgement in Managerial Decision Making (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books Doubleday.
Bhide, A. 1992. Bootstrap finance: The art of start-ups. Harvard Business Review, 70(6): 109–117.
Bhide, A. 1999. How Entrepreneurs Craft Strategies That Work. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Blanchard, C. 1855. The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte Freely Translated and Condensed by Harriet Martineau. New York: AMS Press.
Brealey, R., & Myers, S. 1988. Principles of Corporate Finance. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. 1994. Exploring the “Planning Fallacy”. Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3): 366–381.
Buenstorf, G. 2007. Creation and pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunties: An evolutionary economics perspective. Small Business Economics, 28: 323–327.
Busenitz, L. W., & Barney, J. B. 1997. Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision making. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1): 9–30.
Campbell, D. T. 1960. Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review, 67(6): 380–400.
Campbell, D. T. 1974. Evolutionary epistemology. In P. A. Schilpp (Ed.), The Philosophy of Karl Popper, Vol. 14: 413–463. Lasalle: Open Court.
Carroll, G. R., & Hannan, M. T. 2000. The Demography of Corporations and Industries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Casson, M. 1982. The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory (2nd ed.). Oxford: Edward Elgar.
Castrogiovanni, G. 1996. Pre-startup planning and the survival of new small businessess: Theoretical linkages. Journal of Management, 22(6): 801–822.
Choi, Y. B. 1993. Paradigms and Conventions: Uncertainty, Decision Making and Entrepreneurship. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Christensen, C. M., Anthony, S. D., & Roth, E. A. 2004. Seeing What’s Next. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Cohen, W., & Levinthal, R. 1990. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 128–153.
Cooper, A. 2003. Entrepreneurship: The past, the present, the future. In Z. J. Acs, & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, Vol. 1. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. E. 1984. Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Acadmey of Managment Review, 9(2): 284–295.
Dierickx, I., & Cool K. 1989. Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science, 35(12): 1504–1511.
Delmar, F., & Shane, S. 2003. Does business planning facilitate the development of new ventures? Strategic Management Journal, 24(12): 1165–1185.
Dosi, G. 1988. Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation. Journal of Economic Literature, 26(4): 1120–1171.
Eckhardt, J. T., & Ciuchta, M. P. 2008. Selected variation: The population-level implications of multistage selection in entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(3): 209–224.
Etzioni, A. 1963. The epigenesis of political communities at the international level. The American Journal of Sociology, 68(4): 407–421.
Fiet, J. O. 2002. The Systematic Search for Entrepreneurial Discoveries. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. 1977. Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3: 552–564.
Ford, J. D. 1999. Organizational change as shifting conversations. Journal of Organizational Change Managment, 12(6): 480–500.
Fredrickson, J. W. 1983. Stratgic process research: Questions and recommendations. Academy of Management Review, 8: 565–575.
Fredrickson, J. W. 1986. The strategic decision process and organizational structure. Academy of Management Review, 11(2): 280–297.
Freeman, J. 1986. Entrepreneurs as organizational products: Semiconductor firms and venture capital firms. In G. Libecap (Ed.), Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth. Greenwich: JAI.
Galbraith, J. R. 1977. Designing Complex Organizations. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Gartner, W. B. 1985. A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, 10(4): 696–706.
Garud, R., & Kotha, S. 1994. Using the brain as a metaphor to model flexible production systems. Academy of Management Review, 19: 671–698.
Gloria-Palermo, S. 1999. Discovery versus creation: Implications of the Austrian view of the market process. In J. Groenewegen, & J. Vromen (Eds.), Institutions and the Evolution of Capitalism: Implications of Evolutionary Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Hayek, F. A. v. 1945. The use of knowledge in society. The American Economic Review, 35(4): 519–530.
Hayward, M., Shepherd, D. A., & Griffin, D. 2006. A hubris theory of entrepreneurship. Management Science, 52(2): 160–172.
Johnson, P. 1986. New Firms, An Economic Perspective. London: Allen and Unwin.
Kahneman, D. P., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. 1982. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Katz, J. A., & Gartner, W. B. 1988. Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review, 13(3): 429–441.
Kimberly, J. R. 1975. Environmental constraints and organizational structure: A comparative analysis of rehabilitation organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20: 1–9.
Kirzner, I. 1973. Competition and Entrepeneurship. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Kirzner, I. 1989. Discovery, Capitalism, and Distributive Justice. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Kockelmans, J. 1968. Philosophy of Science: The Historical Background. New York: The Free Press.
Kuhn, T. S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Langlois, R. N., & Cosgel, M. M. 1993. Frank knight on risk, uncertainty, and the firm: A new interpretation. Economic Inquiry, 31(3): 456–465.
Lindblom, C. E. 1959. The science of muddling through. Public Administration Review, 19: 79–99.
Lindblom, C. E. 1977. Politics and Markets. New York: Basic Books.
Loasby, B. J. 2002. The organizational basis of cognition and the cognitive basis of organization. In M. Augier, & J. G. March (Eds.), The Economics of Choice, Change and Organization, Essays in Memory of Richard M. Cyert: 147–167. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Mackenzie, K. D., & House, R. 1978. Paradigm development in the social sciences: A proposed research strategy. Academy of Management Review.
Mahoney, J., & Michael, S. 2005. A subjectivist theory of entrepreneurship. In S. A. Alvarez, R. Agarwal, & O. Sorenson (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. London: Springer-Verlag.
March, J. G. 1982. The Technology of Foolishness. Bergen, Norway: Universitetsforlagel.
March, J. G. 1991. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1): 71–87.
March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. 1958. Organizations. New York: John Wiley.
McGrath, R. G. 1997. A real options logic for initiating technology positioning investments. Academy of Management Review, 22: 974–996.
McKelvey, B. 1982. Organizational Systematics: Taxonomy, Evolution, Classification. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
McKelvey, B. 1997. Quasi-natural organization science. Organization Science, 8(4): 352–380.
McKelvey, B. 1999. Toward a campbellian realist organization science. In J. Baum, & B. McKelvey (Eds.), Variations in Organization Science: In Honor of Donald T. Campbell: 383–411. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
McMullen, J. S., & Shepherd, D. A. 2006. Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Managment Review, 31(1): 132–152.
Miller, K. D. 2007a. Risk and rationality in entrepreneurial processes. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, this issue.
Miller, K. D. 2007b. Risk and Rationality in Entrepreneurial Processes. Paper presented at the Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal Launch, Chicago, IL.
Mintzberg, H. 1994. The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning. Boston, MA: Free Press.
Mintzberg, H., & Waters, J. A. 1985. Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. Strategic Management Journal, 6(3): 257.
Moldoveanu, M. C., & Baum, J. A. C. 2002. Contemporary debates in organizational epistemology. In J. A. C. Baum (Ed.), Companion to Organizations. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Mosakowski, E. 1997. Strategy making under causal ambiguity: Conceptual issues and empirical evidence. Organizationn Science, 8(4): 414–442.
Nelson, R., & Winter, S. 1977. In search of useful theory of innovation. Research Policy, 6: 36–76.
Penrose, E. G. 1959. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. New York: Wiley.
Popper, K. R. 1979. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
Quinn, J. B. 1980. An incremental approach to strategic change. The McKinsey Quarterly, Winter Issue: 34–52.
Romanelli, E. 1991. The evolution of new organizational forms. American Review of Sociology, 17: 79–103.
Sarasvathy, S. D. 2001. Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 243–263.
Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., Velamuri, S. R., & Venkataraman, S. 2003. Three views of entrepreneurial opportunity. In Z. J. Acs, & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: An Interdisciplinary Survey and Introduction, Vol. I: 141–160. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1995. Scenario planning: A tool for strategic thinking. Sloan Management Review, 36(2): 25–40.
Schumpeter, J. A. 1934. Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Schumpeter, J. A. 1939. Business Cycles. A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. New York and London: McGraw-Hill.
Scott, W. R. 1981. Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Scott, W. R. 1987. The adolescence of institutional theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32: 493–511.
Selznick, P. 1957. Leadership in Administration. New York: Harper & Row.
Shane, S. 2000. Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4): 448–470.
Shane, S. 2003. A General Theory of Entrepreneurship. The Individual-Opportunity Nexus. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Shane, S., & Eckhardt, J. 2003. The individual opportunity nexus. In Z. J. Acs, & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: An Interdisciplinary Survey and Introduction. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1): 217.
Simon, H. A. 1973. The structure of ill structured problems. Artificial Intelligence, 4: 181–201.
Sine, W. D., Haverman, H. A., & Tolbert, P. S. 2005. Risky business? Entrepreneurship in the new independent power sector. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(2): 200–232.
Stinchcombe, A. 1965. Social structure and organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of Organizations: 142–193. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Thorngate, W. 1976. Possible limits in a science of social behavior. In J. H. Strickland, F. E. Aboud, and K. J. Gergen (Eds.), Social Psychology in Transition: 121–139. New York: Plenum.
Timmons, J. A. 1999. New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Tushman, M., & Anderson, P. 1986. Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31: 439–465.
Van de Ven, A. H., & Garud, R. 1994. The coevolution of technical and institutional events in the development of an innovation. In J. Baum, & J. Singh (Eds.), Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations. New York: Oxford University Press.
Van de Ven, A. H., Venkataraman, D., Polley, D., & Garud, R. 1989. Processes of New Business Creation in Different Organizational Settings. New York: Ballinger/Harper and Row.
Venkataraman, S. 1997. The distincitive domain of entrepreneurship research: An editor’s perspective. In J. Katz, & R. Brockhaus (Eds.), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth, Vol. 3: 119–138. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Venkataraman, S. 2003. Foreword. In S. Shane, A General Theory of Entrepreneurship. The Individual-Opportunity Nexus: xi-xii. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Von Mises, L. 1949. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Watzlawick, P. 1984. Self-fulfilling Prophecies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Weick, K. E. 1979. The Social Psychology of Organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Alvarez, S.A., Barney, J.B., Young, S.L. (2010). Debates in Entrepreneurship: Opportunity Formation and Implications for the Field of Entrepreneurship. In: Acs, Z., Audretsch, D. (eds) Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research. International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship, vol 5. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1190-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1191-9
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsBusiness and Management (R0)