Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of the prevalent design techniques for dynamic and leakage power reduction in both logic and memory circuits. It also provides an introduction to power specification format, which allows specification of circuit properties with respect to power dissipation in a consistent manner. Next, it discusses the impact of existing low-power design techniques on test. Finally, it covers the test implications of the post-silicon adaptation approaches for power reduction.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Agarwal A, Chopra K, Baauw D, Zolotov V (2005) Circuit optimization using statistical static timing analysis. In: Proceedings of the design automation conference, June 2005, pp 321–324
Allen D (2008) Power formats: you can have it your way. Electronic Design online, id # 18420, 27 March 2008
Banerjee N, Raychowdhury A, Roy K, Bhunia S, Mahmoodi H (2006) Novel low-overhead operand isolation techniques for low-power datapath synthesis. IEEE Trans VLSI Syst 14(9):1034–1039
Basturkmen NZ, Reddy SM, Pomeranz I (2002) A low power pseudo-random BIST technique. In: Proceedings of international on-line testing workshop, pp 140–144
Bhavnagarwala A, Tang X, Meindl JD (2001) The impact of intrinsic device fluctuations on CMOS SRAM cell stability. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 36(4):658–665
Bhunia S, Hai L, Roy K (2002) A high performance IDDQ testable cache for scaled CMOS technologies. In: Proceedings of the Asian test symposium, pp 157–162
Bhunia S, Mahmoodi H, Ghosh D, Mukhopadhyay S, Roy K (2005) Low-power scan design using first-level supply gating. IEEE Trans VLSI Syst 13(3):384–395
Bhunia S, Mahmoodi H, Raychowdhury A, Roy K (2008) Arbitrary two-pattern delay testing using a low-overhead supply gating technique. J Electron Test Theory Appl 24(6):577–590
Borkar S, Karnik T, Narendra S, Tschanz J, Keshavarzi A, De V (2003) Parameter variations and impact on circuits and microarchitecture. In: Proceedings of the design automation conference, June 2003, pp 338–342
Bushnell ML, Agarwal VD (2000). Essentials of electronic testing for digital, memory, and mixed-signal VLSI circuits. Kluwer, Boston, MA
Chang H, Sapatnekar SS (2003) Statistical timing analysis considering spatial correlations using a single PERT-like traversal. In: Proceedings of the international conference on computer aided design, Nov. 2003, pp 621–625
Cheng K-T, Devadas S, Keutzer K (1991) A partial enhanced-scan approach to robust delay-fault test generation for sequential circuits. In: Proceedings of the international testing conference, Oct. 1991, pp 403–410
Cheng K-T, Dey S, Rodgers M, Roy K (2000) Test challenges for deep sub-micron technologies. In: Proceedings of the design automation conference, June 2000, pp 142–149
Dabholkar V, Chakravarty S, Pomeranz I, Reddy S (1998) Techniques for minimizing power dissipation in scan and combinational circuits during test application. IEEE Trans Comput Aided Des Integr. Circuits Syst 17(12):1325–1333
DasGupta S (2007) Low-power coalition, May 2007. [Online] http://www.si2.org/?page=729
DasGupta S, Eichelberger E, Williams TW (1978) LSI chip design for testability. In: Proceedings of the international solid-state circuits conference, Feb. 1978, pp 216–217
DasGupta S, Walther RG, Williams TW, Eichelberger EB (1981) An enhancement to LSSD and some applications of LSSD in reliability, availability, and serviceability. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on fault tolerant computing, June 1981, pp 32–34
Ernst D, Kim NS, Das S, Pant S, Rao R, Pham T, Ziesler C, Blaauw D, Austin T, Flautner K, Mudge T (2003) Razor: a low-power pipeline based on circuit-level timing speculation. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on microarchitecture, Dec. 2003, pp 7–18
Gerstendorfer S, Wunderlich H-J (1999) Minimized power consumption for scan-based BIST. In: Proceedings of the international test conference, Sep. 1999, pp 77–84
Ghosh S, Bhunia S, Roy K (2005) Shannon expansion based supply-gated logic for improved power and testability. In: Proceedings of the Asian test symposium, Dec. 2005, pp 404–409
Ghosh S, Bhunia S, Roy K (2007) CRISTA: a new paradigm for low-power, variation-tolerant, and adaptive circuit synthesis using critical path isolation. IEEE Trans Comput Aided Des Integr Circuits Syst 26(11):1947–1956
Girard P, Landrault C, Pravossoudovitch S, Severac D (1998) Reducing power consumption during test application by test vector ordering. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on circuits and systems, pp 296–299
Goering R (2007) IC power standards convergence falters. EETimes, 21 March 2007
Hsu C-P (2006) Pushing power forward with a common power format – The process of getting it right. EETimes, 5 Nov. 2006
Jacobs ETAF, Berkelaar MRCM (2000) Gate sizing using a statistical delay model. In: Proceedings of the design, automation and test in Europe conference, March 2000, pp 283–290
Johnson MC, Somasekhar D, Roy K (1999) Models and algorithms for bounds on leakage in CMOS circuits. IEEE Trans. Comput Aided Des Integr Circuits Syst 18(6):714–725
Kang K, Paul BC, Roy K (2005) Statistical timing analysis using levelized covariance propagation. In: Proceedings of the design, automation and test in Europe conference, March 2005, pp 764–769
Kim CH, Roy K, Hsu S, Krishnamurthy R, Borkar S (2006) A process variation compensating technique with an on-die leakage current sensor for nanometer scale dynamic circuits. IEEE Trans VLSI Syst 14(6):646–649
Krstic A, Wang L-C, Cheng K-T, Liou J-J, Mak TM (2003) Enhancing diagnosis resolution for delay defects based upon statistical timing and statistical fault models. In: Proceedings of the design automation conference, June 2003, pp 668–673
Kuppuswamy R, DesRosier P, Feltham D, Sheik R, Thadikaran P (2004) Full hold-scan systems in microprocessors: cost/benefit analysis. Intel Technol J 8(1):63–72
Liou J-J, Krstic A, Wang L-C, Cheng K-T (2002) False-path-aware statistical timing analysis and efficient path selection for delay testing and timing validation. In: Proceedings of the design automation conference, June 2002, pp 566–569
Mak TM, Krstic A, Cheng K-T, Wang L-C (2004) New challenges in delay testing of nanometer, multigigahertz designs. IEEE Des Test Comput 21(3):241–248
Mani M, Devgan A, Orshansky M (2005) An efficient algorithm for statistical minimization of total power under timing yield constraints. In: Proceedings of the design automation conference, June 2005, pp 309–314
Mao W, Ciletti MD (1994) Reducing correlation to improve coverage of delay faults in scan-path design. IEEE Trans Comput Aided Des Integr Circuits Syst 13(5):638–646
McGowen R, Poirier CA, Bostak C, Ignowski J, Millican M, Parks WH, Naffziger S (2006) Power and temperature control on a 90-nm itanium family processor. IEEE J Solid-state Circuits 41(1):229–237
Meterelliyoz M, Mahmoodi H, Roy K (2005) A leakage control system for thermal stability during burn-in test. In: Proceedings of the international test conference, Nov. 2005, pp 981–990
Mukhopadhyay S, Mahmoodi H, Roy K (2004a) Statistical design and optimization of SRAM for yield enhancement. In: Proceedings of the international conference of computer aided design, Nov. 2004, pp 10–13
Mukhopadhyay S, Mahmoodi-Meimand H, Roy K (2004b) Modeling and estimation of failure probability due to parameter variations in nano-scale SRAMs for yield enhancement. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits, June 2004, pp 64–67
Mukhopadhyay S, Kang K, Mahmoodi H, Roy K (2005) Reliable and self-repairing SRAM in nano-scale technologies using leakage and delay monitoring. In: Proceedings of the international test conference, Nov. 2005, pp 1135–1144
Paul BC, Neau C, Roy K (2004) Impact of body bias on delay fault testing of nanoscale CMOS circuits. In: Proceedings of the international test conference, Oct. 2004, pp 1269–1275
Paul S, Krishnamurthy S, Mahmoodi H, Bhunia S (2007) Low-overhead design technique for calibration of maximum frequency at multiple operating points. In: Proceedings of the international conference of computer aided design, Nov. 2007, pp 401–404
Power format requirements version 1.0, 25 Jan 2008. [Online] http://www.si2.org/?page$=$928
Rabaey JM, Pedram M (eds) (1995) Low power design methodologies, vol 336. Springer, New York
Rao RR, Devgan A, Blaauw D, Sylvester D (2004) Parametric yield estimation considering leakage variability. In: Proceedings of the design automation conference, July 2004, pp 442–447
Rosinger PM, Al-Hashimi BM, Nicolici N (2002) Scan architecture for shift and capture cycle power reductions. In: Proceedings of international symposium defect fault tolerance in VLSI systems, Nov. 2002, pp 129–137
Roy K, Prasad S (2000) Low-power CMOS VLSI circuit design. Wiley, New York. ISBN 0–471–11488-X
Roy K, Mukhopadhyay S, Mahmoodi-Meimand H (2003) Leakage current mechanisms and leakage reduction techniques in deep-submicrometer CMOS circuits. Proc IEEE 91(2):305–327
Sankaralingam R, Pouya B, Touba NA (2001) Reducing power dissipation during test using scan chain disable. In: Proceedings of VLSI test symposium, April–May 2001, pp 319–324
Savir J (1997) Scan latch design for delay test. In: Proceedings of the international test conference, Nov. 1997, pp 446–452
Si2 common power format specification version 1.1, 19 Sep 2008. [Online] http://www.si2.org/?page$=$811
Srivastava A, Sylvester D (2004) A general framework for probabilistic low-power design space exploration considering process variation. Proceedings of the international conference of computer aided design, Nov. 2004, pp 808–813
Tekumalla RC, Menon PR (1997) Delay testing with clock control: an alternative to enhanced scan. In: Proceedings of the international test conference, Nov. 1997, pp 454–462
Tiwari V, Malik S, Ashar P (1998) Guarded evaluation: pushing power management to logic synthesis/design. IEEE Trans Comput Aided Des Integr Circuits Syst 17(10):1051–1060
Tschanz JW, Kao JT, Narendra SG, Nair R, Antoniadis DA, Chandrakasan AP, De V (2002) Adaptive body bias for reducing impacts of die-to-die and within-die parameter variations on microprocessor frequency and leakage. IEEE J Solid-state Circuits 37(11):1396–1402
Unified power format (UPF) standard version 1.0, 22 Feb 2007, [Online] http://www.accellera.org/apps/group_public/download.php/887/upf.v1.0.pdf
Wang S, Gupta S (1998) ATPG for heat dissipation minimization during test application. IEEE Trans Comput 47(2):256–262
Wang S, Liu X, Chakradhar ST (2004) Hybrid delay scan: a low hardware overhead scan-based delay test technique for high fault coverage and compact test sets. In: Proceedings of the design, automation and test in Europe conference, Feb. 2004, pp 1296–1301
Wei L, Chen Z, Roy K, Johnson MC, Ye Y, De VK (1999) Design and optimization of dual threshold circuits for low-voltage low-power applications. IEEE Trans VLSI Syst 7(1):16–24
Whetsel L (2000) Adapting scan architectures for low power operation. In: Proceedings of the international test conference, Oct. 2000, pp 863–872
Xu G (2006) Thermal modeling of multi-core processors. In: Tenth intersociety conference on thermal and thermomechanical phenomena in electronics systems, pp 96–100
Yeo K-S, Roy K (2005) Low voltage, low power VLSI subsystems. McGraw Hill, New York
Yuan L, Qu G (2006) A combined gate replacement and input vector control approach for leakage current reduction IEEE Trans VLSI Syst 14(2):173–182
Zhang X, Roy K (2000) Power reduction in test-per-scan BIST. In: Proceedings of the international online testing workshop, July 2000, pp 133–138
Zorian Y (1993) A distributed BIST control scheme for complex VLSI devices. In: Proceedings of the IEEE VLSI test symposium, Apr. 1993, pp 4–9
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our appreciation to Dr. Swaroop Ghosh, Prof. Chris Kim, Mr. Seetharam Narasimhan, and Mr. Rajat Subhra Chakraborty for providing important help with the technical content and presentation of the chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roy, K., Bhunia, S. (2010). Low-Power Design Techniques and Test Implications. In: Girard, P., Nicolici, N., Wen, X. (eds) Power-Aware Testing and Test Strategies for Low Power Devices. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0928-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0928-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0927-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0928-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)