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Active Transport, the Built Environment, and Human Health

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Sustainable Environmental Design in Architecture

Part of the book series: Springer Optimization and Its Applications ((SOIA,volume 56))

Abstract

Lack of physical activity is related to increased risk of major chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and several cancers. Recent research has also shown that sedentary behaviors (too much sitting) have a detrimental impact on health that is independent of physical activity. Built-environment attributes in neighborhoods can have a significant role in determining how physically active people are, and how much of the time they spend sitting. Understanding the relationship between neighborhood built-environment attributes, residents’ behavior patterns, and their health is now a burgeoning, interdisciplinary research field, which involves researchers from public health, transportation, planning, and architecture. Focusing on recent evidence, this chapter provides a perspective on how neighborhood environments conducive to residents’ active transport (more walking and less sitting in automobiles) can enhance human health as well as environmental sustainability. We suggest future research directions and discuss implications of this evidence for the integration of health promotion and sustainability through environmental design, policy and practice.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Behavioral Epidemiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia

    Takemi Sugiyama & Neville Owen

  2. Cancer Prevention Research Centre, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia

    Maike Neuhaus

Authors
  1. Takemi Sugiyama
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  2. Maike Neuhaus
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  3. Neville Owen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neville Owen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, 1-5 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK

    Stamatina Th. Rassia

  2. Dept. Industrial & Systems, Engineering, University of Florida, Weil Hall 303, Gainesville, 32611-6595, Florida, 32611, USA

    Panos M. Pardalos

Appendices

Appendix 4.1: Details of the articles examining associations of specific environmental attributes with walking for transport

First Author (Year)

Country

Participants

Environmental attributes

   

Destinations

Results

Route

Results

Ball et al. (2007)

Australia

1,282 women (18–65 years)

  

Connectivity

+Y[o]

Aesthetics

N[s]

Safety

N[s]

Cao et al. (2006)

USA

1,368 adults

Distance

+Y[o]

Footpaths

N[o]

Aesthetics

N[s]

Traffic

N[o], +Y[s]

Safety

N[s]

Cerin et al. (2007)

Australia

2,155 adults (20–65 years)

Distance

+Y[s]

  

Cleland et al. (2008)

Australia

357 mothers

Presence

+Y[s]

Footpaths

+Y[s]

Connectivity

+Y[s]

Aesthetics

N[s]

Traffic

+Y[s]

Safety

N[s]

Coogan et al. (2007)

USA

865 adults

Presence

+Y[s]

  

Coogan et al. (2009)

USA

18,525 black women

Presence

N[o]

Footpaths

N[o]

Distance

+Y[o]

Connectivity

N[o]

Forsyth et al. (2008)

USA

715 adults

  

Footpaths

+Y[o]

Connectivity

N[o]

Frank et al. (2004)

USA

10,878 adults

  

Connectivity

Mixed[o]

Giles-Corti and Donovan (2002)

Australia

1,803 adults (18–59 years)

Presence

+Y[s]

Footpaths

+Y[s]

Traffic

–Y[s]

Handy et al. (2006)

USA

1,672 adults

Presence

+Y[o], +Y[s]

Aesthetics

+Y[s]

Distance

+Y[o]

Safety

–Y[s]

Humpel et al. (2004)

Australia

399 adults (40+ year)

  

Aesthetics

N[s]

Krizek and Johnson (2006)

USA

1,653 adults (20+ year)

Distance

+Y[o]

  

Lee and Moudon (2006)

USA

438 adults (18+ years)

Presence

N[o]

Footpaths

N[o]

Distance

+Y[o]

Connectivity

N[o]

Aesthetics

N[s]

Traffic

N[o], N[s]

Li et al. (2008)

USA

1,221 adults (50–75 years)

Presence

+Y[o]

Connectivity

+Y[o]

McCormack et al. (2008)

Australia

1,394 adults (18–59 years)

Presence

+Y[o]

  

Pikora et al. (2006)

Australia

1,678 adults (18–59 years)

Presence

+Y[o]

Aesthetics

N[o]

Plaut (2005)

USA

38,359 adults

Presence

+Y[s]

  

Rodriguez et al. (2008)

USA

887 adults (mean age: 47 years)

Presence

Distance

N[o], +Y[s]

Footpaths

Mixed[s]

N[o]

Connectivity

N[s]

Traffic

N[s]

Scott et al. (2009)

USA

1,815 adults

Presence

Mixed[o]

Connectivity

N[o]

Safety

Mixed[s]

Shay et al. (2006)

USA

348 adults

Distance

+Y[o]

  

Shigematsu et al. (2009)

USA

1,263 adults (20–65 years)

Presence

+Y[s]

Connectivity

+Y[s]

Aesthetics

+Y[s]

Traffic

Mixed[s]

Safety

N[s]

Suminski et al. (2005)

USA

474 adults (19+ year)

  

Aesthetics

N[s]

Appendix 4.2: Details of the articles examining associations of specific environmental attributes with automobile use

First author (year)

Country

Participants

Environmental attributes

   

Destinations

Results

Route

Results

Cervero and Murakami (2010)

USA

Travel survey in 370 cities

Presence

+Y[o]

  

Frank et al. (2004)

USA

10,878 adults

  

Connectivity

Mixed[o]

Guo et al. (2007)

USA

19,437 adults

Presence

N[o]

Connectivity

N[o]

Shay et al. (2006)

USA

348 adults

Distance

N[o]

  

Vance and Hedel (2008)

Germany

3,064 households

Presence

+Y[o]

  
   

Distance

+Y[o]

  
  1. Notes
  2. +Y: significant positive association (positive association (+Y) refers to associations in the expected direction. For instance, a safer neighborhood is expected to be associated with more walking. If a study found unsafety to be associated with more walking, it was categorized as a negative association (–Y))
  3. Mixed: significant positive association in subsamples
  4. N: no significant association
  5. –Y: significant negative association (Positive association (+Y) refers to associations in the expected direction. For instance, a safer neighborhood is expected to be associated with more walking. If a study found unsafety to be associated with more walking, it was categorized as a negative association (–Y))
  6. [o]: objective measure (including audit)
  7. [s]: self-report measure

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Sugiyama, T., Neuhaus, M., Owen, N. (2012). Active Transport, the Built Environment, and Human Health. In: Rassia, S.T., Pardalos, P.M. (eds) Sustainable Environmental Design in Architecture. Springer Optimization and Its Applications(), vol 56. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0745-5_4

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