Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Thermobarometry Gone Astray

  • Chapter
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior

Abstract

Quantitative thermobarometers require selection of a univariant reaction, consideration of dilutions in all phases and application to fully buffered systems. Empirical thermobarometers include AlIV in chlorite, Al in hornblende, Ti in biotite, phengite barometry and various clay and organic transformations. For the most part they were not evaluated with univariant reactions, buffering phases or corrections for solid or fluid solutions and as a result they are not adequately calibrated.

Recently proposed thermometers in the system CaO-ZrO2-TiO2-SiO2 (CazrtiQ) include Ti in zircon, Ti in quartz, Zr in rutile and Zr in sphene. Most of the original calibrations assumed that pressure (P) had no influence on the thermometer despite a significant volume change in buffering reactions. The Zr in sphene was calibrated as a thermobarometer, the P dependence of Ti in zircon and Zr in rutile has now been evaluated and Ti in quartz probably has a P dependence as well. Recent work indicates that zircon thermometer has a −80° to −90°C temperature (T) correction when applied to high level granitic intrusions crystallised at 1–2 kbar and that these are minima in the absence of rutile. Calculations of a(TiO2) from ilmenite-magnetite in the Bishop tuff gives 0.4±0.02, suggesting that granitoids may have a lower a(TiO2) than previously thought, which will shift T back by +30 to +80°C if the zircon can be shown to have equilibrated with the oxides. Combination of thermobarometers in CazrtiQ offers a new set of phase equilibria potentially of wide use in metamorphic and igneous rocks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Afifi AM, Essene EJ (1988) Minfile: a microcomputer programme for storage and manipulation of chemical data on minerals. Am Mineral 73: 446–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Agard P, Vidal O, Goffé B (2001) Interlayer and Si content of phengite in HP-LT carpholite-bearing metapelites. J Metam Geol 19: 477–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Ague JJ (1997) Thermodynamic calculation of emplacement pressures for batholithic rocks, California: implications for the aluminum-in-hornblende barometer. Geology 25: 563–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahn JH, Peacor DR (1985) Transmission electron microscope study of diagenetic chlorite in Gulf Coast argillaceous sediments. Clays Clay Minerals 33: 228–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahn JH, Peacor DR (1986) Transmission electron microscope data for rectorite: implications for the origin and structure of “fundamental particles”. Clays Clay Minerals 34: 180–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahn JH, Peacor DR, Essene EJ (1985) Coexisting paragonite-phengite in blueschist eclogite: a TEM study. Am Mineral 70: 1193–1204

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen DJ, Lindsley DH (1981) A valid Margules formulation for an asymmetric ternary solution: revision of the olivine-ilmenite thermometer, with applications. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45: 847–853

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen DJ, Lindsley DH (1988) Intermally consistent solution models for Fe-Mg-Mn-Ti oxides: Fe-Ti oxides. Am Mineral 73: 714–726

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JL, Smith DR (1995) The effects of temperature and fO2 on the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Am Mineral 80: 549–559

    Google Scholar 

  • Anovitz LM, Essene EJ (1990) Thermobarometry and pressuretemperature paths in the Grenville Province of Ontario. J Petrol 31: 197–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Anovitz LM, Essene EJ, Perkins, D (1991) On the metastability in near-surface rocks of minerals in the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Clays Clay Minerals 39: 225–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Apted MJ, Liou JG (1983) Phase relations among greenschist, epidote amphibolite and amphibolite in a basaltic system. Am J Sci 283A: 328–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Augier R, Agard P, Monie P, Jolivet L, Robin C, Booth-Rea G (2005a) Exhumation, doming and slab retreat in the Betic Cordillera, SE Spain: in situ 40Ar/39Ar ages and P-T-d-t paths for the Nevado-Filabride Complex. J Metam Geol 23: 357–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Augier R, Booth-Rea G, Agard P, Martinez-Martinez JM, Jolivet L, Azanon JM (2005b) Exhumation constraints for the lower Nevado-Filabride Complex (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): a Raman thermometry and Tweequ multiequilibrium thermobarometry approach. Bull Soc Geol France 176: 403–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin JA, Brown M, Schmitz MD (2007) First application of titanium-in-zircon thermometry to ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism. Geology 35: 295–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin SL, Webb LE, Monteleone BD (2008) Late Miocene coesiteeclogite exhumed in the Woodlark Rift. Geology 36: 735–738

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer C, Rubatto D, Krenn K, Proyer A, Hoinkes G (2007) A zircon study from the Rhodope metamorphic complex, N Greece: time record of a multistage evolution. Lithos 99: 207–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Bea F, Montero P, Gonzalez-Lodeiro F, Talavera C, Molina JF, Searrow JH, Whitehouse MJ, Zinger T (2006) Zircon thermometry and U-Pb ion-microprobe dating of the gabbros and associated migmatites of the Variscan Toledo anatectic complex, central Iberia. J Geol Soc 163: 847–855

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman RG (1988) Internally consistent thermodynamic data set for minerals in the system Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2. J Petrol 29: 445–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman RG (1991) Thermobarometry using multi-equilibrium calculations: a new technique with petrological applications. Can Mineral 29: 833–855

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevins RE, Robinson D, Ropwbotham G (1991) Compositional variations in mafic phyllosilicates from regional low-grade metabasites and application of the chlorite thermometer. J Metam Geol 9: 711–721

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyssac O, Bollinger L, Avouac J-P, Goffé B (2004) Thermal metamorphism in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal determined from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material. Earth Planet Sci Lett 225: 233–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyssac O, Brunet F, Petitet J-P, Goffé B, Rouzad J-N (2003) Experimental study of the microtextural and structural transformations of carbonaceous materials under pressure and temperature. Eur J Mineral 15: 937–951

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyssac O, Goffé B, Chopin C, Rouzaud J-N (2002a) Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments: a new geothermometer. J Metam Geol 20: 858–871

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyssac O, Rouzaud J-N, Goffé B, Brunet F, Chopin C (2002b) Graphitisation in a high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic gradient: a Raman microspectroscopy and HRTEM study. Contr Mineral Petrol 143: 19–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyssac O, Simoes M, Avouac JP, Farley KA, Chen Y-G, Chan Y-C, Goffé B (2007) Late Cenozoic metamorphic evolution and exhumation of Taiwan. Tectonics 26

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhadra S, Bhattacharya A (2007) The barometer tremolite+tschermakite+2albite=2pargasite+8quartz: constraints from experimental data at unit silica activity, with application to garnet-free natural assemblages. Am Mineral 92: 491–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Blundy JD, Holland TJB (1990) Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. Contr Mineral Petrol 104: 208–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Blundy JD, Wood BJ (1994) Prediction of crystal-melt partition coefficients from elastic moduli. Nature 372: 452–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Essene EJ (1977) Feldspar and oxide thermometry of granulites in the Adirondack Highlands. Contr Mineral Petrol 62: 153–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Liotta JJ (1986) A barometer for garnet amphibolites and garnet granulites. J Petrol 27: 1025–1056

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Peacor DR, Essene EJ (1980) Crystal chemistry of a metamorphic biotite and its significance in water barometry. Am Mineral 65: 55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Wall VJ, Boettcher AL (1983a) Experimental investigations and geologic applications of equilibria in the system FeO-TiO2-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Am Mineral 68: 1049–1058

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Wall VJ, Boettcher AL (1983b) Experimental investigation and application of garnet granulite equilibria. Contr Mineral Petrol 8: 52–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen SR, Wall VJ, Boettcher AL (1983c) Geobarometry in granulites. In: Saxena SK (ed) Kinetics and Equilibrium in Mineral Reactions, Adv Phys Geochem 3: 141–172. Springer-Verlag, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth-Rea G, Azanón JM, Goffé B, Vidal O, Martinez-Martinez JM (2002) High-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism in Alpujarride units of southeastern Betics (Spain). Comptes Rendus Acad Sci Geosci 334: 857–865

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth-Rea G, Azanon JM, Martinez-Martinez JM, Vidal O, Garcia-Duenas V (2005) Contrasting structural and P-T evolution of tectonic units in the SE Betics: key for understanding the exhumation of the Alboran Domain HP/LT crustal rocks (W Mediterranean). Tectonics 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth-Rea G, Simancas JF, Azor A, Azanón JM, González-Lodeiro F, Fonseca P (2006) HP-LT Variscan metamorphism in the Cubito-Moura schists (Ossa-Morena Zone, southern Iberia). Comptes Rendus Geosci 338: 1260–1267

    Google Scholar 

  • Bousquet R, Goffé B, Vidal O, Oberhänsli R, Patriat M (2002) The tectono-metamorphic history of the Valaisan Domain from the Western to the Central Alps: new constraints on the evolution of the Alps. Geol Soc Am Bull 114: 207–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Brigatti MF, Frigieri P, Ghezzo C, Poppi I (2000) Crystal chemistry of Al-rich biotites coexisting with muscovites in peraluminous granites. Am Mineral 85: 436–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Brigatti MF, Guidotti CV, Malferrari A (2008) Single-crystal X-ray studies of trioctahedral micas coexisting with dioctahedral micas in metamorphic sequences from western Maine. Am Mineral 93: 396–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucher S, Bousquet R (2007) Metamorphic evolution of the Brianconnais units along the ECORSCROP profile (Western Alps): new data on metasedimentary rocks. Swiss J Geosci 100: 227–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Cathelineau M (1988) Cation site occupancy in chlorites and illites as a function of temperature. Clay Minerals 23: 471–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Cathelineau M, Nieva D (1985) A chlorite solid solution geothermometer. The Los Azufres (Mexico) geothermal system. Contr Mineral Petrol 91: 235–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Cesare B, Satish-Kumar M, Cruciani G, Pocker S, Nodari L (2008) Mineral chemistry of Ti-rich biotite from pegmatite and metapelitic granulites of the Kerala khondalite belt (southeast India): petrology and further insight into titanium substitutions. Am Mineral 93: 327–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakhmouradian AR (2004) Crystal chemistry and paragenesis of compositionally unique (Al-, Fe-, Nb-and Zr-rich) titanite from Afrikanda, Russia. Am Mineral 89: 1752–1762

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee ND, Johannes W, Leistner H (1984) The system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O: new phase equilibrium data, calculated phase relations and petrological applications. Contr Mineral Petrol 88: 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemiak DJ (2006) Zr diffusion in titanite. Contr Mineral Petrol 152: 639–647

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherniak DJ, Manchester J, Watson EB (2007a) Zr and Hf diffusion in rutile. Earth Planet Sci Lett 261: 267–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherniak DJ, Watson EB (2007) Ti diffusion in zircon. Chem Geol 242: 473–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherniak DJ, Watson EB, Wark DA (2007b) Ti diffusion in quartz. Chem Geol 236: 65–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernosky JV, Berman RG (1988) The stability of Mg-chlorite in supercritical H2O-CO2 fluids. Am J Sci 288A: 393–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho M, Liou JG, Bird DK (1988) Prograde phase relations in the State 2–14 Well metasandstones, Salton sea geothermal field, California. J Geophys Res 93: 13,081–13,103

    Google Scholar 

  • Compagnini G, Puglisi O, Foti G (1997) Raman spectra of virgin and damaged graphite edge planes. Carbon 35: 1793–1797

    Google Scholar 

  • Core DP (2004) Oxygen and sulfur fugacities of granitoids: implications for ore-forming processes. PhD thesis, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosca MA, Essene EJ, Bowman JR (1991) Complete chemical analyses of metamorphic hornblendes: implications for normalisations, calculated H2O activities and thermobarometry. Contr Mineral Petrol 108: 472–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta S, Sengupta P, Guha D, Fukuoka MA (1991) A refined garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange geothermometer and its application in amphibolites and granulites. Contr Mineral Petrol 109: 130–137

    Google Scholar 

  • De Andrade V, Vidal O, Lewin E, O’Brien P, Agard P (2006) Quantification of electron microprobe compositional maps of rock thin sections: an optimised method and examples. J Metam Geol 24: 655–668

    Google Scholar 

  • de Caritat P, Hutcheon I, Walshe JL (1993) Chlorite geothermometry: a review. Clays Clay Minerals 41: 219–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Degeling HS (2003) Zr equilibria in metamorphic rocks. PhD thesis, Australian National University

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinklage WS, Calder WJ, St Clair T (2007) Using the Ti-in-biotite geothermometer to investigate the thermal structure of the crust during the Sevier Orogeny. Geol Soc Am Abstr Progr 39: 581

    Google Scholar 

  • Donohue CL, Essene EJ (2005) Granulite facies conditions preserved in vanadium-and chromium-rich metapelites from the Wind River Range, WY. Can Mineral 41: 495–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Drennan GR, Boiron M-C, Cathelineau M, Robb LJ (1997) Characteristics of post-depositional fluids in the Witwatersrand Basin. Mineral Petrol 66: 83–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudek T, Srodon J, Eberl DD, Elsass F, Uhlik P (2002) Thickness distribution of illite crystals in shales. I. XRD vs high-resolution TEM measurements. Clays Clay Minerals 50: 562–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn SR, Valley JW (1992) Calcite-graphite isotope thermometry: a test for polymetamorphsim in marble, Tudor gabbro aureole, Ontario, Canada. J Metam Geol 10: 487–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards RL, Essene EJ (1988) Pressure, temperature and C-O-H fluid fugacities across the amphibolite-granulite facies transition, NW Adirondack Mtns, NY. J Petrol 29: 39–73

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Shazly AEDK (1995) On the thermodynamic data of kaolinite. Am Mineral 80: 1048–1053

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst WG (1963) Significance of phengitic micas from low-grade schists. Am Mineral 48: 1357–1373

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst WG (1983) Mineral paragenesis in metamorphic rocks exposed along Tailuko Gorge, Central Mountain range, Taiwan. J Metam Geol 1: 305–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst WG, Jahn BM (1987) Crustal accretion and metamorphism in Taiwan, a post-Paleozoic mobile belt. Phil Trans Roy Soc Ser A 321: 129–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Essene EJ (1982) Geologic thermometry and barometry. In: Ferry J (ed) Characterisation of metamorphism through mineral equilibria, Rev Mineral 10: 153–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Essene EJ (1989) The current status of thermobarometry in metamorphic rocks, In: Daly SR, Cliff R, Yardley BWD, (eds) Evolution of Metamorphic Belts, Geol Soc Spec Paper 43

    Google Scholar 

  • Essene EJ, Peacor DR (1995) Clay mineral thermometry: a critical perspective. Clays Clay Minerals 43: 728–745

    Google Scholar 

  • Essene EJ, Peacor DR (1997) Illite and smectite: metastable, stable, or unstable? Clays Clay Minerals 45: 116–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Essene EJ, Clavlin C, Giorgetti G, Mata P, Peacor, DR, Arkai P (2005) Two-, three-and four-feldspar assemblages with hyalophane: implications for phase equilibria in the system BaAl2Si2O8-KAlSi3O8-NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8. Eur J Mineral 17: 515–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Esteban JJ, Cuevas J, Tubia, JM, Liati A, Seward D, Gebauer D (2007) Timing and origin of zircon-bearing chlorite schists in the Ronda peridotites (Betic Cordilleras, S Spain). Lithos 99: 121–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferriss BE, Essene EJ, Becker U (2008) Computational study of Ti substitution in zircon. Eur J Mineral, in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferry JM, Spear FS (1978) Experimental calibration of the partitioning of Fe and Mg between biotite and gamet. Contr Mineral Petrol 66: 113–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferry JM, Watson EB (2007) New thermodynamic models and revised calibrations for the Ti-in-zircon and Zr-in-rutile thermometers. Contr Mineral Petrol 154: 429–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey M (1987) Low Temperature Metamorphism, Blackie, Glasgow

    Google Scholar 

  • Frimmel HE (1997) Chlorite thermometry in the Witwatersrand Basin: constraints on the Paleoproterozoic geotherm in the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. J Geol 105: 601–615

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost BR, Chacko T (1989) The granulite uncertainty principle: limitations on thermobarometry in granulites. J Geol 97: 435–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu B, Page FZ, Cavosie AJ, Fournelle J, Kita NT, Lackey JS, Wilde SA, Valley JW (2008) Ti-in-zircon thermometry: applications and limitations. Contr Mineral Petrol 156: 197–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulignati P, Malfitano G, Sbrana A (1975) The Pantelleria caldera geothermal system: data from the hydrothermal minerals. J Volc Geothermal Res 75: 251–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganne J, Bertrand J-M, Fudral S, Marquer Di, Vidal O (2007) Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Ambin Massif (W Alps): toward a new alternative exhumation model for the Brianconnais Domain. Bull Soc Geol France 178: 437–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganne J, Bussy F, Vidal O (2003) Multi-stage garnet in the internal Brianconnais Basement (Ambin Massif, Savoy): new petrological constraints on the blueschist-facies metamorphism in the Western Alps and tectonic implications. J Petrol 44: 1281–1308

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghent ED, Stout MZ (1984) TiO2 activity in metamorphosed pelitic and basic rocks: principles and applications to metamorphism in southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Contr Mineral Petrol 86: 248–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiorso MS, Sack RO (1991) Fe-Ti oxide geothermometry; thermodynamic formulation and the estimation of intensive variables in silicic magmas. Contr Mineral Petrol 108: 485–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillis KM, Muehlenbachs K, Stewart M, Karson J, Gleeson T (2001) Flud flow patterns in fast-spreading East Pacific Rise crust exposed at Hess Deep. J Geophys Res 106: 26311–26329

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgetti G, Mata MP, Peacor DR (2003) Evolution of mineral assemblages and textures from sediment through hornfels in the Salton sea geothermal field: direct crystallisation of phyllosilicates in a hydrothermal-metamorphic system. Clay Minerals 38: 113–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgetti G, Memmi I, Peacor DR (2000) Retarded illite crystallinity caused by stress-induced sub-grain boundaries in illite. Clay Minerals 35: 693–708

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgetti G, Tropper P, Essene EJ, Peacor DR (2000) Characterisation of coexisting non-equilibrium and equilibrium paragonite/muscovite intergrowths in an eclogite from the polymetamorphic Sesia-Lanzo Zone (Western Alps, Italy). Contr Mineral Petrol 138: 326–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiorso MS, Sack RO (1991) Fe-Ti oxide geothermometry: thermodynamic formulation and the estimation of intensive variables in silicic magmas. Contr Mineral Petrol 108: 485–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman DS, Albee AR (1977) Correlation of Mg/Fe partitioning between garnet and biotite with 18O/16O partitioning between quartz and magnetite. Am J Sci 277: 750–767

    Google Scholar 

  • Green TH, Blundy JD, Adam J, Yaxley GM (2000) SIMS determination of trace element partition coefficients between garnet, clinopyroxene and hydrous basaltic liquids at 2–7.5 GPa and 1080–1200°C. Lithos 53: 165–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti CV, Dyar MD (1991) Ferric iron in metamorphic biotite and its petrologic and crystallochemical implications. Am Mineral 76 161–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti CV, Sassi FP (1976) Muscovite as a petrogenetic indicator mineral in pelitic schists. N Jb Mineral Abh 127: 97–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti CV, Sassi FP (1986) Classification and correlation of metamorphic facies series by means of muscovite b data from lowgrade metapelites. N Jb Mineral Abh 153: 363–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti CV, Sassi FP (1998) Petrogenetic significance of Na-K white mica mineralogy: recent advances for metamorphic rocks. Eur J Mineral 10: 815–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti CV, Sassi FP (2002) Constraints on studies of metamorphic K-Na white micas: state of the art and suggestions for future research. In: Mottana A, Sassi FP, Thompson JB, Guggenheim S (eds) Micas: crystal chemistry and metamorphic petrology. Rev Mineral Geochem 46: 413–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammarstrom JM, Zen E (1986) Aluminum in hornblender an empirical igneous geobarometer. Am Mineral 71: 1297–1313

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley SL (1989) The origins of granulites: a metamorphic perspective. Geol Mag 126: 215–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison TM, Watson EB, Aikman AB (2007) Temperature spectra of zircon crystallisation in plutonic rocks. Geology 35: 635–638

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden LA, Watson EB, Wark DA (2008) A thermobarometer for sphene (titanite). Contr Mineral Petrol 155: 529–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayob JL, Bohlen SR, Essene EJ (1993) Experimental investigation and application of the reaction rutile+pyroxene=quartz+ilmenite. Contr Mineral Petrol 115: 18–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayob JL, Essene EJ, Ruiz J, Ortega-Gutierrez F (1989) Young hightemperature granulites from the base of the crust in central Mexico. Nature 342: 265–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazen RM, Finger LW (1982) Comparative Crystal Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Helgeson HC, Delaney JM, Nesbitt HW, Bird DK (1978) Summary and critique of the thermodynamic properties of rock-forming minerals. Am J Sci 278A

    Google Scholar 

  • Helgeson HC, Richard L, McKenzie WF, Norton DL, Schmitt A (2008). A chemical and thermodynamic model of oil generation in hydrocarbon source rocks. Geochim Cosmochim Acta in press. doi: 10.1016/j.gca2008.03.004

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry DJ, Guidotti CV (2002) Titanium in biotite from metapelitic rocks: temperature effects, crystal-chemical controls and petrologic applications. Am Mineral 87: 375–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry DJ, Guidotti CV, Thomson JA (2005) The Ti-saturation surface for low-to-medium pressure metapelitic biotites: implications for geothermometry and Ti-substitution mechanisms. Am Mineral 90: 316–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildreth W, Wilson CJN (2007) Compositional zoning of the Bishop Tuff. J Petrol 48: 951–999

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofman A, Valley JW, Watson EB, Cavoise AJ, Eiler JM (2008) Submicron-scale correlated distributions of Ti, P, Y and Ce in zircon. Contr Mineral Petrol, in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdaway MJ (2000) Application of new experimental and garnet Margules data to the garnet-biotite geothermometer. Am Mineral 85: 881–892

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdaway MJ, Lee SM (1977) Fe-Mg cordierite in high grade pelitic rocks based on experimental and natural observations. Contr Mineral Petrol 63: 175–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland TJB, Powell R (1998) An internally consistent thermodynamic data set for phases of petrological interest. J Metam Geol 16: 309–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollister LS, Grissom GC, Peters EK, Stowell HH, Sisson VB (1987) Confirmation of the empirical correlation of Al in hornblende with pressure of solidification of calc-alkaline plutons. Am Mineral 72: 231–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Hower J, Eslinger EV, Hower ME, Perry EA (1976) Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediment. 1. Mineralogical and chemical evidence. Geol Soc Am Bull 87: 727–737

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang W-T, Peacor DR (1994) Prograde transitions of corrensite and chlorite in low-grade pelitic rocks from the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. Clays Clay Minerals 42: 497–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang W-T, Peacor DR, Arkai P, Toth M, Kim JW (1997) TEM and XRD determination of crystallite size and lattice strain as a function of illite crystallinity in pelitic rocks. J Metam Geol 15: 267–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang W-T, Peacor DR, Buseck PR (1994a) Chlorite geothermometry? Analytical contamination and apparent octahedral vacancies. Clays Clay Minerals 42: 593–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang W-T, Peacor DR, Essene EJ (1994b) Clay minerals in the McA-dams sandstone, California: implications for substitution of H3O+ and H2O and metastability of illite. Clays Clay Minerals 42: 35–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MC, Rutherford MJ (1989) Experimental calibration of the aluminum-in-hornblende geobarometer with application to Long Valley Caldera (CA) volcanic rocks. Geology 17: 837–841

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasama T, Murakami T, Kohyama N, Watanabe T (2001) Experimental mixtures of smectite and rectorite: re-investigation of “fundamental particles” and “interparticle diffraction”. Am Mineral 86: 105–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Katagiri G, Ishida H, Ishitani A (1988) Raman spectra of graphite edge planes. Carbon 26: 565–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawasaki T, Motoyoshi Y (2007) Solubility of TiO2 in garnet and orthopyroxene: Ti thermometer for ultrahigh-temperature granulites. US Geol Surv Open File Rept 2007–1047, doi: 10.3133/2007-1047SRP038

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisch HJ, Sassi R, Sassi FP (2006) The b 0 lattice parameter and chemistry of phengites from HP/LT metapelites. Eur J Mineral 18: 207–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleemann U, Reinhardt J (1994) Garnet-biotite thermometry revised: the effect of AlVI and Ti in biotite. Eur J Mineral 6: 925–941

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranidiotis P, MacLean WH (1987) Systematics of chlorite alteration at the Phelps Dodge massive sulphide deposit, Matagami, Quebec. Econ Geol 82: 1898–1911

    Google Scholar 

  • Labotka TC, Kath RL (2001) Petrogenesis of the contact-metamorphic rocks beneath the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Geol Soc Am Bull 113: 1312–1323

    Google Scholar 

  • Laverne C, Vanko DA, Tararotti P, Alt JC (1995) Chemistry and geothermometry of secondary minerals from the deep sheeted dyke complex, Hole 504B. Proc Ocean Drill Prog Sci Res 137/140: 167–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee MR, Bland PA, Graham G (2003) Preparation of TEM samples by focused ion beam (FIB) techniques: applications to the study of clays and phyllosilicates in meteorites. Mineral Mag 67: 581–592

    Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Peacor, DR, Merriman RJ, Roberts B (1994) The diagenetic to low-grade metamorphic evolution of matrix white micas in the system muscovite-paragonite in a mudrock from central Wales, UK. Clays Clay Minerals 42: 369–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonker SW, Fitzgerald JD, Hedenquist JW, Walshe JL (1990) Mineral-fluid interactions in the Broadlands ± Ohaaki geothermal system, New Zealand. Am J Sci 290: 995–1068

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonker SW, Franzson H, Kristmannsdottir H (1993) Mineral-fluid interactions in the Reykjanes and Svartsengi geothermal systems, Iceland. Am J Sci 293: 605–670

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäder UK, Berman RG (1992) Amphibole thermobarometry, a thermodynamic approach. Geol Surv Can Pap 92-1E: 393–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Makanjuola AA, Howie RA (1972) The mineralogy of the glaucophane schists and associated rocks from Ile de Groix, Brittany, France. Contr Mineral Petrol 35: 83–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning CE, Bohlen SR (1991) The reaction titanite + kyanite=anorthite+rutile and titanite-rutile barometry in eclogites. Contr Mineral Petrol 109: 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Manon MR (2008) Heat capacity of high pressure minerals and phase equilibria of Crete blueschists. PhD thesis, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Martiñez-Serrano RG, Dubois M (1998) Chemical variations in chlorite at the Los Humeros geothermal system, Mexico. Clays Clay Minerals 46: 615–628

    Google Scholar 

  • Mas A, Guisseau D, Patrier Mas P, Beaufort D, Genter A, Sanjuan B, Girard JP (2006) Clay minerals related to the hydrothermal activity of the Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe). J Volc Geothermal Res 158: 380–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Massonne H-J, Schreyer W (1987) Phengite geobarometry based on the limiting assemblage with K-feldspar, phlogopite and quartz. Contr Mineral Petrol 96: 212–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Massonne H-J, Szpurka Z (1997) Thermodynamic properties of white micas on the basis of high-pressure experiments in the systems K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Lithos 41: 229–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Massonne H-J, Grosch U, Willner A (1993) Geothermobarometric mittels Ti-Gehalten in Kalihellglimmern. Ber Deutsch Mineral Gesell 1993: 1–85

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell SD, Elders WA (1980) Authigenic layer silicate minerals in borehole Elmore I. Salton sea Geothermal Field, California, USA. Contr Mineral Petrol 74: 293–310

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell SD, Elders WA (1983) Allogenic layer silicate minerals in borehole Elmore 1. Salton sea Geothermal Field, California. Am Mineral 68: 1146–1159

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinhold G, anders B, Kostopoulos D, Reischmann T (2008) Rutile chemistry and thermometry as provenance indicator: an example from Chios Island, Greece. Sed Geol 203: 98–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Mengel F, Rivers T (1994) Metamorphism of pelitic rocks in the Paleoproterozoic Ramah Group, Saglek area, N Labrador: mineral reactions, P-T conditions and influence of bulk composition. Can Mineral 32: 781–801

    Google Scholar 

  • Merriman RJ, Roberts B, Peacor DR (1990) A transmission electron microscope study of white mica crystallite size distribution in a mudstone to slate transitional sequence, North Wales, UK. Contr Mineral Petrol 106: 27–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Moecher DP, Essene EJ, Anovitz LM (1988) Calculation and application of clinopyroxene-garnet-plagioclase-quartz geobarometers. Contr Mineral Petrol 100: 92–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Moura MA, Botelho NF, Olivo GR, Kyser TK (2006) Granite-related Paleoproterozoic, Serrinha gold deposit, southern Amazonia, Brazil: hydrothermal alteration, fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints on genesis and evolution. Econ Geol 101: 585–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau PH, Wilson MJ, McHardy WJ, Tait JM (1984) Interstratified clays as fundamental particles. Science 225: 923–925

    Google Scholar 

  • Negro F, Beyssac O, Goffe B, Saddiqi O, Boubaouene ML (2006) Thermal structure of the Alboran Doman in the Rif (northern Morocco) and the western Betics (southern Spain): constraints from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material. J Metam Geol 24: 309–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton RC (1986) Metamorphic temperatures and pressures of group, B and C eclogites. Geol Soc Am Mem 164: 17–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberhänsli R, Goffé B, Bosquet R (1995) Record of a HP-LT metamorphic evolution in the Valais zone: geodynamic implications. In: Lombardo B (ed) Studies of Metamorphic Rocks and Minerals of the Western Alps: a Volume in Memory of Ugo Pognante, Bolletino del Museo Regionale di Science Naturali, Torino

    Google Scholar 

  • Page FZ, Armstrong LS, Essene EJ, Mukasa SB (2007a) Prograde and retrograde history of the Junction School eclogite and an evaluation of garnet-phengite-clinopyroxene thermobarometry. Contr Mineral Petrol 153: 533–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Page FZ, Essene EJ, Mukasa SB (2003) Prograde and retrograde history of eclogites from the Eastern Blue Ridge, North Carolina. J Metam Geol 21: 685–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Page FZ, Fu B, Kita NT, Fournelle J, Spicuzza MJ, Schulze DJ, Viljoen F, Basei MAS, Valley JW (2007b) Zircons from kimberlite: new insights from oxygen isotopes, trace elements and Ti in zircon thermometry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71: 3887–3903

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandarinath K, Dulski P, Torres-Alvarado IS, Verma SP (2006) Element mobility during the hydrothermal alteration of rhyolitic rocks of the Los Azufres geothermal field, Mexico. Geothermics 37: 53–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra T, Vidal O, Agard P (2002a) A thermodynamic model for Fe-Mg dioctahedral K white micas using data from phase-equilibrium experiments and natural pelitic assemblages. Contr Mineral Petrol 143: 706–732

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra T, Vidal O, Jolivet L (2002b) Relation between deformation and retrogression in blueschist metapelites of Tinos Island (Greece) evidenced by chlorite-mica local equilibria. Lithos 63: 41–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra T, Vidal O, Theye T (2005) Experimental data on the Tschermak substitution in Fe-chlorite. Am Mineral 90: 359–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Patiño Douce AE (1993) Titanium substitution in biotite: an empirical model with applications to thermometry, O2 and H2O barometries and consequences for biotite stability. Chem Geol 108: 133–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacor DR (1992a) Analytical electron microscopy: X-ray analysis. Rev Mineral 27: 113–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacor DR (1992b) Diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of shales and slates. Rev Mineral 27: 335–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Peacor DR (1998) Implication of TEM data for the concept of fundamental particles. Can Mineral 36: 1397–1408

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins D III, Essene EJ, Westrum EF Jr, Wall VJ (1979) New thermodynamic data for diaspore, a-AlO(OH) and its application to the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Am Mineral 64: 1080–1090

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins D III, Westrum EF Jr, Essene EJ (1980) The thermodynamic properties and phase relations of some minerals in the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44: 61–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips NG, Law JDM (1994) Metamorphism of the Witwatersrand gold fields: a review. Ore Geol Rev 9: 1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell R, Holland TJB (2008) On thermobarometry. J Metam Geol 26: 155–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Pusz S, Kwiecinska BK, Duber S (2003) Textural transformation of thermally treated anthracites. Int J Coal Geol 54: 115–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyle JM, Spear FS (2000) An empirical garnet (YAG)-xenotime thermometer. Contr Mineral Petrol 138: 51–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Raase P (1976) Al and Ti contents of hornblende, indicators of pressure and temperature of regional metamorphism. Contr Mineral Petrol 45: 231–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Racek M, Stipska, P, Powell R (2008) Garnet-clinopyroxene intermediate granulites in the St. Leonhard massif of the Bohemian Massif: ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism at high pressure or not? J Metam Geol 26: 253–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez E, Sassi R (2001) The baric character of the Patagonian basement as deduced from the muscovited 060,331 spacing: a first contribution from eastern Andean metamorphic complex (Andes, Chile). Eur J Mineral 13: 1119–1126

    Google Scholar 

  • Rancourt DG, Mercier PHJ, Cherniak DJ, Desgreniers, S, Kodama H, Robert JL, Murad E (2001) Mechanisms and crystal chemistry of oxidation in annite: resolving the hydrogen-loss and vacancy reactions. Clays Clay Minerals 49: 455–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathmell MA, Streepey MM, Essene EJ, van der Pluijm BA (1999) Comparison of garnet-biotite, calcite-graphite and calcite-dolomite thermometry in the Grenville Orogen, Canada. Contr Mineral Petrol 134: 217–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Robert JL (1991) Substitution of Ti4+ in potassic micas: a reappraisal. Terra Abstr 3: 69

    Google Scholar 

  • Robie RA, Hemingway BS (1991) Heat capacities of kaolinite from 7 to 380 K and of DMSO-intercalated kaolinite from 20 to 310 K: the entropy of kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4. Clays Clay Minerals 39: 362–368

    Google Scholar 

  • Robie RA, Hemingway BS (1995) Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1 bar (105 Pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures. US Geol Surv Bull 2131

    Google Scholar 

  • Robie RA, Hemingway BS, Fisher JR (1978) Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298. 15 K and 1 bar (105 Pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures. US Geol Surv Bull 1452

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter MJ, van der Laan SR, Wyllie PJ (1989) Experimental data for a proposed empirical igneous geobarometer: aluminum in hornblende at 10 kbar pressure. Geology 17: 897–900

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassi FP (1972) The petrologic and geologic significance of b0 value of potassium white micas in low-grade metamorphic rocks. An application to the Eastern Alps. Tschermaks Mineral Petrogr Mitt 18: 105–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassi FP, Scolari A (1974) The b0 value of the potassium white micas as a barometer in low-grade metamorphism of pelitic schists. Contr Mineral Petrol 45: 143–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassi R, Cruciani G, Mazzoli C, Nodari L, Craven J (2008) Multiple titanium substitutions in biotites from high-grade metapelitic xenoliths (Euganean Hills, Italy): complete crystal chemistry and appraisal of petrologic control. Am Mineral 93: 339–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato K, Santosh M (2007) Titanium in quartz as a record of ultrahightemperature metamorphism: the granulites of Karur, southern India. Mineral Mag 71: 143–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffman P, Fridleifsson GO (1991) The smectite-chlorite transition in drillhole NJ-15, Nesjavellir geothermal field, Iceland: XRD, BSE and EMP investigations. J Metam Geol 9: 679–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt MW (1992) Amphibole composition in tonalite as a function of pressure: an experimental calibration of the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Contr Mineral Petrol 110: 304–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Selverstone J, Morteani G, Staude J-M (1991) Fluid channelling during ductile shearing: transformation of granodiorite into aluminous schist in the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps. J Metam Geol 9: 419–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang C, Rice JA, Eberl DD, Lin J-S (2003) Measurement of illite particle thickness using a direct Fourier transform of small-angle X-ray scattering data. Clays Clay Minerals 51: 293–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Shau Y-H, Feather ME, Essene EJ, Peacor DR (1991) Genesis and solvus relations of submicroscopically intergrown paragonite and phengite in a blueschist from California. Contr Mineral Petrol 106: 367–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Shau Y-H, Peacor DR, Essene EJ (1990) Corrensite and mixed-layer chlorite-corrensite in metabasalt from northern Taiwan: TEM/AEM, EMPA, XRD and optical studies. Contr Mineral Petrol 105: 123–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Shedlock RJ, Essene EJ (1979) Mineralogy and petrology of a tactite near Helena, Montana. J Petrol 20: 71–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen SS, Grossman JN (1989) Enrichment of trace elements in garnet amphibolites from a paleo-subduction zone: Catalina Schist, southern California. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53: 3155–3177

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear FS, Kohn MJ, Cheney JT, Florence F (2002) Metamorphic, thermal and tectonic evolution of central New England. J Petrol 43: 2097–2120

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear FS, Wark DA, Cheney JT, Schumacher JC, Watson EB (2006) Zr-in-rutile thermometry in blueschists from Sifnos, Greece. Contr Mineral Petrol 152: 375–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone P, Merriman RJ (2004) Basin thermal history favours an accretionary origin for the Southern Uplands Terrane, Scottish Caledonides. J Geol Soc 161: 829–836

    Google Scholar 

  • Storm LC, Spear FS (2005) Pressure, temperature and cooling rates of granulite facies migmatitic pelites from the southern Adirondack Highlands, New York. J Metam Geol 23: 107–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Theye T, Chopin C, Grevel KD, Ockenga E (1997) The assemblage diaspore+quartz in metamorphic rocks: a petrological, experimental and thermodynamic study. J Metam Geol 15: 17–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas WM, Ernst WG (1990) The alumium content of hornblende in cell-alkaline granitic rocks a mineralogic barometer calibrated experimentally to 12 kbar. In: Fluid-Mineral Interactions: A Tribute to H.P. Eugster, Spencer RJ, Chou I-M, eds, Geochem Soc Spec Pub 2: 59–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson AB (1976) Mineral reactions in metamorphic rocks I, II. Am J Sci 276: 401–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson JA (2008) Beneath the Stillwater Complex: petrology and geochemistry of quartz-plagioclase-cordierite (or garnet)-orthopyroxene-biotite±spinel hornfels, Mountain View area, Montana. Am Mineral 93: 438–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Timpa S, Gillis KM, Canil D (2005) Accretion-related metamorphism of the Metchosin igneous complex, southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Can J Earth Sci 42: 1467–1479

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins HS, Powell R, Ellis DJ (2007) The pressure dependence of the zirconium-in-rutile thermometer. J Metam Geol 25: 703–713

    Google Scholar 

  • Tracy RJ (1982) Compositional zoning and inclusions in metamorphic minerals. In: Ferry J (ed) Characterisation of metamorphism through mineral equilibria, Rev Mineral

    Google Scholar 

  • Triebold S, von Eynatten H, Luvizotto GL, Zack T (2007) Deducing source rock lithology from detrital rutile geochemistry: an example from the Erzgebirge, Germany. Chem Geol 244: 421–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Troitzsch U, Christy AG, Ellis DJ (2005) The crystal structure of disordered (Zr, Ti)O2 solid solution including srilankite: evolution towards tetragonal ZrO2 with increasing Zr. Phys Chem Minerals 32: 504–514

    Google Scholar 

  • Tropper P, Essene EJ, Sharp ZD, Hunziker JC (1999) New pressure constraints in high pressure rocks: applications of K-feldsparjadeite-quartz barometry to eclogite facies metagranites and metapelites in the Western Alps. J Metam Geol 17: 195–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Tropper P, Manning CE, Essene EJ (2002) The substitution of Al and F in titanite at high pressure and temperature: experimental constraints on phase relations and solid solution properties. J Petrol 43: 1787–1814

    Google Scholar 

  • Trotet F, Vidal O, Jolivet L (2001) Exhumation of Syros and Sifnos metamorphic rocks (Cyclades, Greece): new constraints on the P-T paths. Eur J Mineral 13: 901–920

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Plas L (1959) Petrology of the northern Adula region, Switzerland. Leidse Geol Med 24: 415–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Velde B (1965) Phengite micas: synthesis, stability and natural occurrence. Am J Sci 263: 886–913

    Google Scholar 

  • Velde B, El Moutaouakkil N, Iijama A (1991) Compositional homogeneity in low-temperature chlorites. Contr Mineral Petrol 107: 21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal O, Parra T (2000) Exhumation paths of high-pressure metapelites obtained from local equilibria for chlorite-phengite assemblages. Geol J 35: 139–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal O, De Andrade V, Lewin E, Munoz M, Parra T, Pascarelli S (2006) P-T-deformation-Fe3+/Fe2+ mapping at the thin section scale and comparison with XANES mapping. Application to a garnet-bearing metapelite from the Sambagawa metamorphic belt. J Metam Geol 24: 669–683

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal O, Parra T, Trotet F (2001) A thermodynamic model for Fe-Mg aluminous chlorite using data from phase equilibrium experiments and natural pelitic assemblages in the 100–600°C, 1–25 kbar range. Am J Sci 301: 557–592

    Google Scholar 

  • Vignaroli G, Rossetti F, Theye T, Faccenna, C (2008) Styles and regimes of orogenic thickening in the Peloritani Mountains (Sicily, Italy): new constraints on the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Apennine belt. Geol Mag 145: 552–569

    Google Scholar 

  • Walshe JL (1986) A six-component chlorite solid solution model and the conditions of chlorite formation in hydrothermal and geothermal systems. Econ Geol 81: 681–703

    Google Scholar 

  • Walshe JL, Solomon M (1981) An investigation into the environment of formation of the volcanic hosted Mt Lyell copper deposits using geology, mineralogy, stable isotopes and a six component chlorite solid solution model. Econ Geol 76: 246–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang A, Dhamelincourt P, Duvessy J, Guerard D, Landais P, Lelaurain M (1989) Chacterisation of graphite alteration in an uranium deposit by micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Carbon 27: 209–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Essene EJ, Zhang Y (2000) Direct observation for immiscibility in pyrope-almandine-grossular garnet. Am Mineral 85: 41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Wark DA, Watson EB (2006) TitaniQ: a titanium-in-quartz geothermometer. Contr Mineral Petrol 152: 743–754

    Google Scholar 

  • Wark DA, Hildreth W, Spear FS, Cherniak DJ, Watson EB (2007) Pre-eruption recharge of the Bishop magma system. Geology 35: 235–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson EB, Harrison TM (2005) Zircon thermometer reveals minimum melting conditions on earliest Earth. Science 308: 841–844

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson EB, Wark DA, Thomas JB (2006) Crystallisation thermometers for zircon and rutile. Contr Mineral Petrol 151: 413–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch MD, Barras J, Klinowski J (1995) A multinuclear NMR study of clinochlore. Am Mineral 80: 441–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen S, Nekvasil H (1994) SOLVCALC: an interactive graphics programme package for calculating the ternary feldspar solvus and for two-feldspar geothermometry. Comp Geosci 20: 1025–1040

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilde SA, Valley JW, Peck WH, Graham CM (2001) Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago. Nature 409: 175–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu C-M, Cheng B-H (2006) Valid garnet-biotite (GB) geothermometry and garnet-aluminum silicate-plagioclase-quartz (GASP) geobarometry in metapelitic rocks. Lithos 89: 1–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie X, Byerly GR, Ferrerl RE Jr (1997) IIb trioctahedral chlorite from the Barbeton greenstone belt: crystal structure and rock composition constraints with implications to geothermometry. Contr Mineral Petrol 126: 275–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamato P, Agard P, Goffé B, de Andrade V, Vidal O, Jolivet L (2007) New, high-precision P-T estimates for Oman blueschists: implications for obduction, nappe stacking and exhumation processes. J Metam Geol 25: 657–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Steefel CI (2008) Kaolinite dissolution and precipitation kinetics at 22°C and pH 4. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72: 99–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Yau Y-C, Peacor DR, Beane RJ, Essene EJ, McDowell SD (1988) Microstructures, formation mechanisms and depth-zoning of phyllosilicates in geothermally altered shales, Salton sea, CA. Clays Clay Minerals 36: 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Yong W (2008) Thermodynamic studies of minerals under mantle conditions. PhD thesis, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor MI

    Google Scholar 

  • Zack T, Luvizottow GL (2006) Application of rutile thermometry to eclogites. Mineral Petrol 88: 69–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Zack T, Moraes R, Kronz A (2004a) Temperature dependence of Zr in rutile: empirical calibration of a rutile thermometer. Contr Mineral Petrol 152: 471–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Zack T, von Eynatten H, Kronz A (2004b) Rutile geochemistry and its potential use in quantitative provenance studies. Sed Geol 171: 37–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Zang W, Fyfe WS (1995) Chloritisation of the hydrothermally altered bedrock at the Igarapé Bahia gold deposit, Carajás, Brazil. Mineral Dep 30: 30–38

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48 109-1005, USA

    Eric J. Essene

Authors
  1. Eric J. Essene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eric J. Essene .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre of Experimental Mineralogy and Petrology, Allahabad University, Allahabad, India

    Alok K. Gupta

  2. Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Kolkata, India

    Somnath Dasgupta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Essene, E.J. (2009). Thermobarometry Gone Astray. In: Gupta, A.K., Dasgupta, S. (eds) Physics and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0346-4_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation