Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Infants and Young Children Affected by HIV/AIDS

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On

Abstract

The first suspected cases of paediatric AIDS were recorded in 1981 in the United States, but were only reported in the medical literature in December 1982 (Ammann, 1997; CDC, 1982a, b; Shilts, 1987). The existence of paediatric AIDS, along with the possibility of transmission vertically and through blood products, was not widely accepted until the end of 1983 (Ammann, 1997). In South Africa, there is little information on children infected with HIV prior to 1997’s emergence of Nkosi Johnson’s story. However, the already high level of HIV prevalence among pregnant women when data first became available in 1990 suggests that significant numbers of children must have been born with HIV since the early 1980s.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abubakar, A., Van Baar, A., Van de Vijver, F., Holding, P., and Newton, C. (2008). Paediatric HIV and neurodevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13(7), 880–887.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, R. (2000). Psychosocial issues in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus. Seminars in Speech and Language, 21(1), 79–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ammann, A. (1997). Pediatric AIDS immunologist: advocate for the children. An oral history conducted in 1992 and 1993 by Sally Smith Hughes, Ph.D. The AIDS epidemic in San Francisco: The medical response, 1981–1984, Volume III. Regional Oral History Office, the Bancroft Library, University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, G., Skinner, D., and Zuma, K. (2006). Epidemiology of health and vulnerability among children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Care, 18(3), 269–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ansell, N., and van Blerk, L. (2004). Children’s migration as a household/family strategy: coping with AIDS in Malawi and Lesotho. Journal of Southern African Studies, 30(3), 673–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antle, B., Wells, L., Goldie, R., Dematteo, D., and King, S. (2001). Challenges of parenting for families living with HIV/AIDS. Social Work, 46(2), 159–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bam, I., Kritzinger, A., and Louw, B. (2003). Die vroeë kommunikasieontwikkeling van ’n groep babas met pediatriese MIV/Vigs in sorgsentrums. Health SA Gesondheid, 8(2), 34–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, J., and Stein, A. (2000). Effects of parental psychiatric and physical illness on child development. In M.G. Gelder, J. Lopez-Ibor, and N. Andreasen (Eds.), New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry Volume 2 (pp. 759–775). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basaza, R., Kaija, D., and Ochola-Odonga, D. (2007). The impact of HIV and AIDS on children: lights and shadows in the ‘successful case’ of Uganda. In G. Cornia (Ed.), AIDS, public policy and child well-being (2nd Ed) (pp. 31–66). Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsey, M. (2006). AIDS and the family: policy options for a crisis in family capital. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, L., and Guthrie, T. (2003). Rapid assessment: The situation of children in South Africa. Cape Town: Children’s Institute, University of Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobat, R., Moodley, D., Coutsoudis, A., Coovadia, H., and Gouws, E. (2001). Growth in early childhood in a cohort of children born to HIV-1 infected women from Durban, South Africa. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 21(3), 203–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bock, J., and Johnson, S. (2008). Grandmothers’ productivity and the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 25(2), 131–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, P., Bass, J., Neugebauer, R., Verdeli, H., Clougherty, K., Wickramaratne, P., Speelman, L., Ndogoni, L., and Weissman, M. (2003). Group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in rural Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(23), 3117–3124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment (2nd Ed). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, D., and Nannan, N. (2006). Mortality and morbidity among women and children. In P. Ijumba, and A. Padarath (Eds.), The South African Health Review 2006 (pp. 127–150). Durban: Health Systems Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brookes, H., Shisana, O., and Richter, L. (2004). The national household HIV prevalence and risk survey of South African children. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L., Lourie, K., and Pao, M. (2000). Children and adolescents living with HIV and AIDS: A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(1), 81–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (1982a). Possible transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – California. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 31(48), 652–654.

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (1982b). Unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants – New York, New Jersey, California. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 31(49), 665–667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandan, U., and Richter, L. (2008). Programmes to strengthen families: reviewing the evidence from high income countries. Harvard University: Joint Learning Initiative for Children affected by AIDS (JLICA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cluver, L., and Gardner, F. (2007). Mental health of children orphaned by AIDS: A review of international and southern African research. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(1), 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cluver, L., and Operario, D. (2008). The intergenerational link between the impacts of AIDS on children, and their subsequent vulnerability to HIV infection: a study of the evidence to inform policy on HIV prevention and child and adolescent protection. Oxford: Joint Learning Initiative for Children affected by AIDS (JLICA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cluver, L., Gardner, F., and Operario, D. (2007). Psychological distress amongst AIDS-orphaned children in urban South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(8), 755–763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornia, G., and Zagonari, F. (2007). The HIV and AIDS impact on the rural and urban economy. In G. Cornia (Ed.), AIDS, public policy and child well-being (2nd Ed) (pp. 185–205). Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dellis, A. (2007). Evidence for advocacy: Civil society programme interventions for children and families living in communities affected by HIV and AIDS in South Africa. Durban: Human Sciences Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • du Toit, D., and van der Merve, N. (2006). The effect of a physical activity programme on the selfesteem of pre-primary HIV-directly affected learners. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 28(2), 55–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earl-Taylor, M. (2002). HIV/AIDS, the stats, the virgin cure and infant rape. Science in Africa. http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/april/virgin.htm Accessed October 7 2008.

  • Engle, P. (2008). National plans of action for orphans and vulnerable children in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where are the youngest children? Working Papers in Early Childhood Development No 50. The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engle, P., Black, M., Behrman, J., Cabral de Mello, M., Gertler, P., Kapiriri, L., Martorell, R., and Young, M. (2007). Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. The Lancet, 369(9557), 229–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, K., and Hosegood, V. (2005). AIDS mortality and the mobility of children in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Demography, 42(4), 757–768.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G. (2005). Bottlenecks and drip-feeds: channelling resources to communities responding to orphans and vulnerable children in southern Africa. London: Save the Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G., Levine, C., and Williamson, J. (Eds.) (2005). A generation at risk: The global Impact of HIV/AIDS on orphans and vulnerable children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, D., Klass, P., Earls, F., and Eisenberg, L. (1996). Infants and young children in orphanages: one view from pediatrics and child psychiatry. Pediatrics, 97(4), 569–578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graff Zivin, J., Thirumurthy, H., and Goldstein, M. (2006). AIDS treatment and intrahousehold resource allocations: children’s nutrition and schooling in Kenya. Working paper 12689. National Bureau of Economic Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, G., Van Niekerk, R., Struthers, H., Violari, A., Martinson, N., McIntyre, J., and Naidu, V. (2006). The effects of adult morbidity and mortality on household welfare and the well-being of children in Soweto. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1(1), 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govender, L., Rochat, T., Richter, L., and Rollins, N. (2006). Paediatric nursing in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in resource-poor settings – balancing the "art and the science". Journal of Holistic Nursing Practice, 20(5), 247–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guma, M., and Henda, N. (2004). The socio-cultural context of child-abuse: A betrayal of trust. In L. Richter, A. Dawes, and C. Higson-Smith (Eds.), The sexual abuse of young children in Southern Africa: In search of solutions (pp. 95–109). Pretoria: HSRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackl, K., Somlai, A., Kelly, J., and Kalichman, S. (1997). Women living with HIV/AIDS: The dual challenge of being a patient and a caregiver. Health and Social Work, 22(1), 53–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, S. (2000). Orphans and other vulnerable children: A framework for programming. Washington DC: Synergy Project Draft Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewkes, R. (2004). Child sexual abuse and HIV infection. In L. Richter, A. Dawes, and C. Higson-Smith (Eds.), The sexual abuse of young children in Southern Africa: In search of solutions (pp. 129–142). Pretoria: HSRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauchali, S., and Davidson, L. (2006). Commentary: The epidemiology of neurodevelopmental disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa—moving forward to understand the health and psychosocial needs of children, families, and communities. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(3), 689–690.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, W., Mellins, C., Levenson, R., Arpadi, S., and Kairam, R. (2000). Effects of pediatric HIV infection on mental and psychomotor development. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25(8), 583–587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koekkoek, S., Eggermont, L., De Sonnerville, L., and Jupimai, T. (2006). Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on psychomotor performance in children with HIV disease. Journal of Neurology, 253(12), 1615–1624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotchick, B., Forehand, R., Brody, G., Armistead, L., Simon, P., Morse, E., and Clark, L. (1997). The impact of maternal HIV infection on parenting in inner-city African American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 11(4), 447–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotras, H. (2001). Exploring the developmental profiles of black South African HIV+. infants using the revised Griffiths Scales of Mental Development. Unpublished Dissertation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linsk, N., and Mason, S. (2004). Stress on grandparents and other relatives caring for children affected by HIV/AIDS. Health & Social Work, 29(2), 127–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, C., and Coulter, B. (2002). Diagnosis of pediatric HIV infection. In M. Essex, S. Mboup, P. Kanki, R. Marlink, and R. Tlou (Eds.), AIDS in Africa (2nd ed., pp. 458–468). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Marinda, E., Humphrey, J., Iliff, P., Mutasa, K., Nathoo, K., Piwoz, E., Moulton, L., Salama, P., Ward, B., and ZVITAMBO Study Group (2007). Child mortality according to maternal and infant HIV status in Zimbabwe. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 26(6), 519–526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, N., Bellinger, D., Robins, J., Msamanga, G., Tronick, E., and Fawzi, W. (2006). Effect of maternal multivitamin supplementation on the mental and psychomotor development of children who are born to HIV-1–infected mothers in Tanzania. Pediatrics, 117(2), e216–e225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLoyd, V.C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53(2), 185–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meintjies, H., and Giese, S. (2006). Spinning the epidemic: The making of mythologies of orphanhood in the context of AIDS. Childhood, 13(3), 407–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, T., Moultrie, H., Sherman, G., Cotton, M., and Eley, B. (2006). Management of HIV-infected children. In P. Ijumba, and A. Padarath (Eds.), The South African Health Review 2006 (pp. 235–256). Durban: The Health Systems Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, D., Eley, B., Ndhlovu, L., and Rutenberg, N. (2006). Exploring current practices in paediatric ARV roll-out and integration with early childhood programmes in South Africa: A rapid situational analysis. Washington, DC: Population Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T., Easley, K., Zhang, W., Orav, E., Bier, D., Luder, E., Ting, A., Shearer, W., Vargas, J., and Lipshultz, S. (2001). Maternal and infant factors associated with failure to thrive in children with vertically transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection: The prospective, P2C2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus multicenter study. Pediatrics, 108(6), 1287–1296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monasch, R., and Boerma, J. (2004). Orphanhood and childcare patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of national surveys from 40 countries. AIDS, 18(suppl. 2), S55–S65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, L., and Cooper, P. (2003). Intergenerational transmission of affective and cognitive processes associated with depression: infancy and the preschool years. In I. Goodyer (Ed.), Unipolar depression: a lifespan perspective (pp. 17–46). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naeem-Sheik, A., and Gray, G. (2005). HIV disclosure in children. The Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, 21, 46–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, C. (2007). A neurobiological perspective on early human deprivation. Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 13–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, M-L., Brahmbatt, H., and Ghys, P. (2004a). Child mortality and HIV infection in Africa: A review. AIDS, 18(Suppl2), S27–S34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, M.-L., Coovadia, H., Cortina-Borja, M., Rollins, N., Gaillard, P., and Dabis, F. (2004b). Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. The Lancet, 3641(9441), 1236–1243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olds, D. (2006). The nurse-family partnership: An evidence-based preventive intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27(1), 5–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olds, D., Sadler, L., and Kitzman, H. (2007). Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(3–4), 355–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, V., DeSouza, N., and Rodrigues, M. (2003). Postnatal depression and infant growth and development in low income countries: a cohort study from Goa, India. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88(1), 34–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, N., Drotar, D., Olness, K., Guay, L., and Kiziri-Mayengo, R. (2001). The relationship of maternal and child HIV infection to security of attachment among Ugandan infants. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 32(1), 3–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popich, E., Louw, B., and Eloff, I. (2007). Caregiver education as a prevention strategy for communication disorders in South Africa. Infants & Young Children, 20(1), 64–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potterton, J. (2007). A longitudinal study of neurodevelopmental delay in HIV infected children. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramphele, M. (1993). A bed called home: Life in the migrant labour hostels in Cape Town. Cape Town: David Philip.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddi, A., and Leeper, S. (2008). Antiretroviral therapy adherence in children: outcomes from Africa. AIDS, 22(7), 906–907.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reidy, M., Taggart, M-E., and Asselin, L. (1991). Psychosocial needs expressed by the natural caregivers of HIV infected children. AIDS Care, 3(3), 331–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, L. (1994). Economic stress and its influence on the family and caretaking patterns. In A. Dawes, and D. Donald (Eds.), Childhood and adversity in South Africa: Psychological perspectives from South African Research (pp. 28–50). Cape Town: David Philip.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, L. (2004). Children affected by HIV/AIDS – What happened in Bangkok? HIVAN Editorial. http://www.hivan.org.za/edit_essays/August%202004.asp. Accessed 7 October 2008.

  • Richter, L. (2006). The role of the health sector in strengthening systems to support children’s healthy development in communities affected by HIV/AIDS. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, L. (2008). No small issue: Children and families. Plenary presentation at the XVIIth International AIDS Conference: Universal Action Now. Mexico City.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, L., and Desmond, C. (2007). Children in communities affected by HIV and AIDS: Emerging issues. The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, L., and Higson-Smith, C. (2004). The many kinds of sexual abuse of young children. In L. Richter, A. Dawes, and C. Higson-Smith (Eds.), The sexual abuse of young children in Southern Africa: In search of solutions (pp. 21–35). Cape Town: HSRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, L., Dawes, A., and Higson-Smith, C. (Eds.), (2004a). The sexual abuse of young children in Southern Africa: In search of solutions. Pretoria: HSRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, L., Manegold, J., and Pather, R. (2004b). Family and community interventions for children affected by AIDS. Research monograph commissioned by the Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Health Research Programme of the Child, Youth & Family Development Research Programme, HSRC. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, L., Foster, G., and Sherr, L. (2006). Where the heart is: Meeting the psychosocial needs of young children in the context of HIV/AIDS. Toronto: Bernard Van Leer Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochat, T., Richter, L., Doll, H., Buthelezi, N., Tomkins, A., and Stein, A. (2006). Depression among pregnant rural South African women undergoing HIV testing. JAMA, 295(12), 1376–1378.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rochat, T., Mitchell, C., and Richter, L. (2008). The psychological, social and developmental needs of babies and young children and their caregivers living with HIV and AIDS. Pretoria: UNICEF and the Department of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandison, A. (2005). Exploring the developmental profile of Black HIV-positive/AIDS infants and children: A longitudinal study. Unpublished Master’s Thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherr, L. (2005). Young children and HIV/AIDS: Mapping the field. Working Paper No 33. The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherr, L. (2006). Access for all – An analysis of children-related abstracts at the International AIDS Conference, Bangkok. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1(1), 71–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherr, L., and Varrall, R. (2007). An analysis of abstracts from the Toronto AIDS conference – Did we deliver for children? Online Outreach Paper 1. The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shilts, R. (1987). And the band played on: Politics, people and the AIDS epidemic. New York: St Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shisana, O., and Simbayi, L (2002). Nelson Mandela/HSRC study of HIV/AIDS: South African national HIV prevalence, behavioural risks and mass media. Household survey 2002. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shisana, O., Connolly, C., Rehle, T., Mehtar, S., and Dana, P. (2008). HIV risk exposure among South African children in public health facilities. AIDS Care, 20(7), 755–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shonkoff, J., and Phillips, D. (Eds.) (2000). From Neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shun-King, M., Mhlanga, R., and De Pinho, H. (2006). The context of maternal and child health. In P. Ijumba, and A. Padarath (Eds.), The South African Health Review 2006 (pp. 107–126). Durban: Health Systems Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver, E., Baumann, L., Camacho, S., and Hudis, J. (2003). Factors associated with psychological distress in urban mothers with late-stage HIV/AIDS. AIDS and Behaviour, 7(4), 421–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, A., Krebs, G., Richter, L., Tomkins, A., Rochat, T., and Bennish, M. (2005). Babies of a pandemic: Infant development and maternal HIV. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90, 116–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subbarao, K., and Coury, D. (2004). Reaching out to Africa’s Orphans: A framework for public action. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS (2004). 2004 report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS (2008). 2008 report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF (2006). Africa’s orphaned and vulnerable generations: children affected by AIDS. New York: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF (2008). Enhanced protection for children affected by AIDS: A companion paper to the framework for the protection, care and support of orphans and vulnerable children living in a world with HIV and AIDS. New York: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF/UNAIDS (2004). The framework for the protection, care and support of orphans and vulnerable children living in a world with HIV and AIDS. New York: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Damme, W., Kober, K., and Laga, M. (2006). The real challenges for scaling up ART in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS, 20(5), 653–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varga, C., Sherman, G., Maphosa, J., and Jones, S. (2005). Psychosocial consequences of early diagnosis of HIV status in vertically exposed infants in Johannesburg, South Africa. Health Care for Women Internationa l, 26(5), 387–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, L., Theut, S., Steinberg, S., Riekert, K., and Pizzo, P. (1994). The HIV-infected child: Parental responses and psychosocial implications. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(3), 485–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, J. (2000). Finding a way forward: Principles and strategies to reduce the impacts of AIDS on children and families. Washington, DC: USAID.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolard, I. (2003). Social assistance grants: Impact of government programmes using administrative data sets. Project 6.2 of the Ten Year Review Research Programme, Southern African Regional Poverty Network. http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000946/P1041Woolard_10year_June2003.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2008.

  • Wooten, J. (2005). We are all the same: A story of a boy’s courage and a mother’s love. New York: The Penguin Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Natal, South Africa

    Linda Richter

  2. University of Oxford, Oxford, USA

    Alan Stein (Professor of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry)

  3. Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Oxford University, Oxford, USA

    Lucie Cluver

  4. Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa

    Julia de Kadt PhD

Authors
  1. Linda Richter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alan Stein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lucie Cluver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Julia de Kadt PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Revelstoke Road 12, London, SW18 5PD, United Kingdom

    Poul Rohleder

  2. Springer Science + Business Media, Spring St. 233, New York, 10013, New York, USA

    Leslie Swartz

  3. Center for HIV Intervention and, Prevention, University of Connecticut, Hillside Road 206, Storrs, 06269, Connecticut, USA

    Seth C. Kalichman

  4. Plain Park Bldg, 13th Fl 69-83, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa

    Leickness Chisamu Simbayi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Richter, L., Stein, A., Cluver, L., de Kadt, J. (2009). Infants and Young Children Affected by HIV/AIDS. In: Rohleder, P., Swartz, L., Kalichman, S., Simbayi, L. (eds) HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0306-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0306-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0305-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0306-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation