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Earthworms and Their Use in Eco(toxico)logical Modeling

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Ecotoxicology Modeling

Part of the book series: Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology ((ETEP,volume 2))

Abstract

A healthy terrestrial food web is essential for the sustainable use of soils. Earthworms are key species within terrestrial food webs and perform a number of essential functionalities like decomposition of organic litter, tillage and aeration of the soil, and enhancement of microbial activity. Chemicals may impact the functions of the soil by directly affecting one or more of these processes or by indirectly reducing the number and activity of soil engineers like earthworms. The scope of this chapter is on the assessment and modeling of the interactions of chemicals with earthworms and the resulting impacts. It is the aim of this contribution to provide a general review of the research that were undertaken to increase our understanding of the underlying processes.

Chemicals may induce a variety of adverse effects on ecosystems. Chemical speciation, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, toxicity, essentiality, and mixture effects are key issues in assessing the hazards of chemicals. Although it is possible to group chemicals with regard to their fate and effects, a plethora of chemical and biological processes affects actually occurring effects. These effects are usually modulated by (varying) environmental conditions. Using the basic processes underlying the uptake characteristics and the adverse effects of organic pollutants and metals on earthworms as an illustration, an overview will be given of the interactions between the chemistry and biology of pollutants, mostly at the interface of biological and environmental matrices. The impact of environmental conditions on uptake and toxicity of chemicals for soil dwelling organisms will explicitly be accounted for. The environmental chemistry of organic compounds and metals, as well as the resulting methods for assessing chemical availability are assumed as tokens and the emphasis is thus on the biological processes that affect the fate and effects of contaminants following interaction of the earthworms with the bioavailable fraction.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Ecological Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg

  2. Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Martina G. Vijver

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  1. Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg
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Correspondence to Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg .

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  1. l'Information Scientifique (CTIS), Centre de Traitement de, chemin de la Graviere 3, Rillieux La Pape, 69140, France

    James Devillers

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Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M., Vijver, M.G. (2009). Earthworms and Their Use in Eco(toxico)logical Modeling. In: Devillers, J. (eds) Ecotoxicology Modeling. Emerging Topics in Ecotoxicology, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0197-2_7

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