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Magneto-Optical Properties

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Magnetic Oxides

Abstract

In the previous chapters, the emphasis is placed on the electronic origins of local and collective molecular magnetism in transition-metal oxides and their behavior in alternating magnetic fields. Models of magnetic resonance based on precessing magnetic moments provide a classical analog to quantum mechanical transitions provided that the internal magnetic fields are large enough to produce the Zeeman energy splittings for the particular frequency of interest. In the energy range that can be easily reached by fields from laboratory electromagnets, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) occur in the microwave bands. However, resonances can also occur in magnetically ordered systems at the energies of magnetic exchange. Since the exchange effects occur in the submillimeter and far-infrared bands, but have the properties of a magnetic-dipole stabilization, this topic will serve as a transition to the subject of magneto-optics that is based on magnetically polarized electric-dipole interactions with optical waves.

In the visible and ultraviolet bands, electric-dipole transitions can produce magneto-optical phenomena without the need for large applied magnetic fields. In this regime, the dielectric permittivity tensor with off-diagonal terms can produce nonreciprocal propagation at optical wavelengths analogous to those from magnetic interactions with RF waves. Faraday rotation of the linear polarization of plane-wave transmission and its complementary Kerr reflection effect are of major importance for discrete fiber-optical technology. In later developments, optical waveguides that simulate their microwave counterparts have shown promise for integrated photonics technology that can benefit from the nonreciprocal properties of magneto-optical control devices. To remain within the scope of this volume, the discussion of materials systems will be focused on the room temperature properties of the garnet family of magnetic oxides, first on the basic host compound yttrium iron garnet and then on the dramatic effects of Bi3 + ion substitutions. The discussion will review the work carried out at Lincoln Laboratory and the Department of Physics of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where the author was an active participant, but is dawn heavily from the pioneering work of scientists at the Mullard Research Laboratories in England and the Philips Research Laboratories in Eindhoven, the Netherlands and Hamburg, Germany.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The reader is advised that sign conventions vary in the literature of this subject. Wherever possible, the convention from Chap. 6 will be continued.

  2. 2.

    Note that although the anisotropy and exchange terms are presented in vector notation as magnetic fields, only the anisotropy energy in its role as a demagnetizing field that modifies the applied field H 0 is legitimate in the Maxwell sense. H ex has its origins in the chemical bond of the molecule and draws its value and sense from the implications of the indistinguishability of the electron as manifested by the Pauli Exclusion principle. As a consequence, it should be considered as a scalar, separate from the sequence of perturbations affecting an individual cation, and would not influence the removal of degeneracies in the electronic energy level structure.

  3. 3.

    In many cases, these complex permittivity parameters are defined with a positive sign.

  4. 4.

    In this discussion, the symbol N is used instead of n to avoid conflict with the index of refraction n for optical propagation.

  5. 5.

    To remain consistent with the literature of this problem, the frequently-used parameter ωp 2 is introduced. Its relation to the parameter ωE defined to simplify the analysis in Sect. 7.3.1. is given by ωEω0 ± = ωp 2 f ±.

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  1. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA, 02420-9108, USA

    Gerald F. Dionne

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Dionne, G.F. (2009). Magneto-Optical Properties. In: Magnetic Oxides. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0054-8_7

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