Abstract
The public careers of Richelieu and Mazarin are integral to the political history of France from the early 1620s to the beginning of the 1660s. The two cardinal-ministers, more than any other individuals, shaped and manipulated the historical forces which have provided much of the subject matter of this book. How may we summarise and assess the historical significance of their careers? One comment must be that Richelieu and Mazarin were central to the evolution of Bourbon monarchy in France during its first few decades. The last Valois king, Henri III, was assassinated in 1589. Henri IV, the first Bourbon King of France, faced formidable difficulties in the immediate aftermath of that tragedy, but as he brought the Wars of Religion to an end and began the daunting task of national recovery, he relied heavily on the assistance and guidance of Maximilien de Béthune, Duc de Sully1. Sully may even be seen as a prototype of the new-style ministers; the close collaboration in which Sully, Richelieu and Mazarin engaged with their respective monarchs was instrumental to the shaping of an early Bourbon pattern of government, which paved the way to the personal rule which the mature Louis XIV assumed in 1661.2
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Notes
On Sully and his services to Henri IV, see D. Buisseret, Sully and the Growth of Centralised Government in France, 1598–1610 (London, 1968)
B. Barbiche, Sully (Paris, 1978)
M. Greengrass, France in the Age of Henri IV: The Struggle for Stability (London, 1995).
On this subject, see R. Bonney, ‘Was there a Bourbon Style of Government?’, in K. Cameron (ed.), From Valois to Bourbon: Dynasty, State and Society in Early Modern France (Exeter, 1989), pp. 161–77.
D. J. Sturdy, The d’Aligres de la Rivière: Servants of the Bourbon State in the Seventeenth Century (Woodbridge, 1986), pp. 112–17.
A summary of the role of the intendants under Louis XIV is in D. J. Sturdy, Louis XIV (London, 1998), pp. 46–9, 54–5.
The following remarks are based on the works of A. N. Hamscher, The Parlement of Paris after the Fronde, 1653–1673 (Pittsburgh, 1976)
A. N. Hamscher, The Conseil Privé and the Parlements in the Age of Louis XIV: A Study in French Absolutism (Philadelphia, 1987).
The literature on absolutism is considerable, but a good, recent summary of the debates surrounding absolutism is F. Cosandey and R. Descimon, L’Absolutisme en France: Histoire et Historiographie (Paris, 2002).
J. Black, From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power (London, 1999).
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© 2004 David J. Sturdy
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Sturdy, D.J. (2004). Conclusion: the Cardinals in Retrospect. In: Richelieu and Mazarin. European History in Perspective. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-4392-7_13
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