An indication of the dimension of the problem of congenital malformations as cause of early infant death in the first years of the 20th century may be gained by a brief description. One source, US mortality statistics, listed malformation in general as the cause of death beginning as early as 1910, when it was said to be responsible for 12% of deaths in the first week and 18% in the first month; appreciable, but unspecified and probably including defects today considered unacceptable for inclusion in the canon (Anon 1912).
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Kalter, H. (2009). Setting the Stage. In: Mortality and Maldevelopment. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9606-8_3
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