Abstract
Although piezoelectric materials are often used as actuators in order to make small precise movements it can be difficult to measure these displacements in an industrial environment [1].
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Stewart, M., Cain, M.G., Gee, M.: Methods of measuring piezoelectric displacement in piezoelectric ceramics. In: Measurement Good Practice Guide, pp. 1–24. NPL, UK (1999)
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Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to the industrial sponsors of this work. Many of the measurements made in support of this work were carried out using a piezometer supplied by Piezotest Ltd, on PZT samples supplied by Morgan Electroceramics Ltd and Advanced Ceramics Ltd.
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Appendices
Appendix A: Round Robin Tests
As part of the measurements carried for this chapter a small round robin was undertaken to confirm some of the findings. Two laboratories using similar instrumentation measured a set of hard (PC 4D) and soft (PC 5H) samples 10 mm diameter, and thicknesses of 10 and 1 mm. The measurements were all performed at the same frequency, under different levels of pre-load. The results of the round robin confirmed:
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The variability of the soft material is greater than the hard
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The variability of thin samples is greater than for thick
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The hard material is less dependent on the pre-load
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The \(\mathrm{{d}}_{33}\) of the soft material decreases with increasing pre-load
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The \(\mathrm{{d}}_{33}\) of the hard material increases with increasing pre-load
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The difference in \(\mathrm{{d}}_{33}\) for thick and thin materials is consistent with the behaviour under the application of a pre-load
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Thick samples are less affected by the pre-load.
Round Robin tests using Berlincourt measurements on PC 5H material
The spread of results in this round robin has also been reduced as a result of controlling the conditions under which the measurements were performed. Figure 20 shows the results for the current round robin compared with a study on a similar material. The data has been plotted as a percentage deviation from the average for each laboratory, and clearly shows the reduced scatter from close control of the experimental set up. Clearly the control has been achieved by using almost identical piezometers, and further work is needed to maintain this using different makes and models of direct testing machines.
Appendix B: Relevant Standards
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IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity, Std 176-1978
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IRE Standards on Piezoelectric Crystals, 1961, Proc. IRE, pp.1162–1169; July 1961
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IEC standard publication 483, 1976. Guide to dynamic measurements of piezoelectric ceramics with high electromechanical coupling
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BS EN 50324-2:2002, Piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials and components—Part 2: Methods of measurement—Low power
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Stewart, M., Cain, M.G. (2014). Direct Piezoelectric Measurement: The Berlincourt Method. In: Cain, M. (eds) Characterisation of Ferroelectric Bulk Materials and Thin Films. Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9311-1_3
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