Skip to main content

Seasonal Change on Titan

  • Chapter

Abstract

Titan displays seasonal changes in the distribution of gas and hazes in its atmosphere, in the character of its methane clouds, and in its temperatures and winds. While Cassini has observed some of these changes in detail, some are observable from Earth, and the period of most rapid change may be just about to begin in the years after equinox.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrams MC et al (1996a) ATMOS/ATLAS-3 observations of long-lived tracers and descent in the antarctic vortex in November 1994. Geophys Res Lett 23:2341–2344

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Abrams MC et al. (1996b) Trace-gas transport in the arctic vortex inferred from ATMOS ATLAS-2 observations during April 1993. Geophys Res Lett 23:2345–2348

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ádámkovics M, de Pater I, Roe HG, Gibbard SG, GriffithCA (2004) Spatially-resolved spectroscopy at 1.6 microns of Titan's atmosphere and surface. Geophys Res Lett 31:L17S05

    Google Scholar 

  • Ádámkovics M, Wong MH, Laver C, DePater I (2007) Widespread morning drizzle on Titan. Science 318:962–965

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson CM, Chanover NJ, McKay CP, Rannou P, Glenar DA, Hillman JJ (2004) Titan's haze structure in 1999 from spatially-resolved narrowband imaging surrounding the 0.94 Mm methane window. Geophys Res Lett 31:L17S06

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson CM, Young EF, Chanover NJ, McKay CP (2008) HST spectral imaging of Titan's haze and methane profile between 0.6 and 1 mm during the 2000 opposition. Icarus 194:721–745

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews DG, Holton JR, Leovy CB (1987) Middle atmosphere dynamics. Academic, Orlando

    Google Scholar 

  • Awal M, Lunine JI (1994) Moist convective clouds in Titan's atmosphere. Geophys Res Lett 21:2491–2494

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Baines KH, Drossart P, Momary TW, Formisano V, Griffith C, Bellucci G, Bibring J-P, Brown RH, Buratti BJ, Capaccioni F, Cerroni P, Clark RN, Coradini A, Cruikshank DP, Jaumann R, Langevin Y, Matson DL, McCord TB, Mennella V, Nelson RM, Nicholson PD, Sicardy B, Sotin C (2005) The atmospheres of Saturn and Titan in the near-infrared: first results of Cassini/VIMS. Earth Moon Planet 96:119–147

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Barth EL, Rafkin SCR (2007) TRAMS: a new dynamic cloud model for Titan's methane clouds. Geophys Res Lett 34:L03203

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth EL, Rafkin SCR (2009) Convective cloud heights as a diagnostic for methane environment on Titan. Icarus, in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Barth EL, Toon O (2003) Microphysical modeling of ethane ice clouds in titan's atmosphere. Icarus 162:94–113

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchez AH (2004) Seasonal trends in Titan's atmosphere: haze, wind, and clouds. Ph. D. thesis, California Institute of Technology. URL: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-10272003-092206

  • Bouchez H, Brown ME (2005) Statistics of Titan's South Polar Tropospheric Clouds. The Astrophysical Journal 618:L53–L56

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown ME, Bouchez AH, Griffith CA (2002) Direct detection of variable tropospheric clouds near Titan's south pole. Nature 420:795–797

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown ME, Schaller E, Roe H, Chen C, Roberts CJ, Brown RH, Baines KH, Clark RN (2009) Discovery of lake effect clouds on Titan. Geophys Res Lett 36:L01103

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown ME, Roberts JE, and Schaller EL (2009) Clouds on Titan during the Cassini prime mission: a complete analysis of the VIMS data. Icarus, in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown RH, Baines KH, Bellucci G, Buratti BJ, Capacionni F, Cerroni P, Clark RN, Coradini A, Cruikshank DP, Drossart P, Formisano V, Jaumann R, Langevin Y, Matson DL, McCord TB, Mennella V, Nelson RM, Nicholson PD, Sicardy B, Sotin C, Baugh N, Griffith C, Hansen G, Hibbitts K, Showalter M (2006) Observations in the Saturn,system during approach and orbital insertion, with Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer. VIMS). Astron Astrophys 446:707–716

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell JD, Smith PH, Tomasko MG, Weaver H (1992) Titan: evidence of seasonal change — a comparison of Voyager and Hubble Space Telescope images. Icarus 103:1–9

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chanover NJ, Anderson CM, McKay CP et al. (2003) Probing Titan's lower atmosphere with acousto-optic tuning. Icarus 163:150–163

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Coustenis A, Bézard B (1995) Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations IV. Latitudinal variations of temperature and composition. Icarus 115:126–140

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Coustenis A et al. (2007) The composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra. Icarus 189:35–62

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Crespin A, Lebonnois S, Vinatier S, Bézard B, Coustenis A, Teanby NA, Achterberg RK, Rannou P, Hourdin F (2008) Diagnostics of Titan's stratospheric dynamics using Cassini/CIRS data and the 2-dimensional IPSL circulation model. Icarus 197:556–571

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dire JR (2000) Seasonal photochemical and meridional transport model for the stratosphere of Titan. Icarus 145:428–444

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Flasar FM, Conrath BJ (1990) Titan's stratospheric temperature: a case for dynamical inertia? Icarus 85:346–354

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Flasar FM, Samuelson RE, Conrath BJ (1981) Titan's atmosphere: temperature and dynamics. Nature 292:693–698

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Flasar FM and 35 co-authors 2005. Titan's Atmospheric Temperatures, Winds, and Composition. Science 308:975–978

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbard SG, Macintosh B, Gavel B (1999) Titan: high resolution speckle images from the Keck Telescope. Icarus 139:189–201

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbard SG, de Pater I, Macintosh BA, Roe HG, Max CE, Young EF, McKay CP (2004) Titan's 2-micron surface albedo and haze optical depth in 1996–2004. Geophys Res Lett 31:L17S02

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves SD, McKay CP, Griffith CA, Ferri F (2008) Rain and hail can reach the surface of Titan. Planet Space Sci 56(3–4):346–357

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith CA, Owen T, Miller GA, Geballe T (1998) Transient clouds in Titan's lower atmosphere. Nature 395:575–578

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith CA, Hall JL, Geballe TR (2000) Detection of daily clouds on Titan. Science 290:509–513

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith CA, Penteado P, Baines K, Drossart P, Barnes J, Bellucci G, Bibring J, Brown R, Buratti B, Capaccioni F, Cerroni P, Clark R, Combes M, Coradini A, Cruikshank D, Formisano V, Jaumann R, Langevin Y, Matson D, McCord T, Mennella V, Nel-son R, Nicholson P, Sicardy B, Sotin C, Soderblom LA, Kursinski R (2005) The evolution of Titan's mid-latitude clouds. Science 310:474– 477

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith CA, Penteado P, Rannou P, Brown R, Boudon V, Baines KH, Clark R, Drossart P, Buratti B, Nicholson P, McKay CP, Coustenis A, Negrao A, Jaumann R (2006) Evidence for a polar ethane cloud on Titan. Science 313:1620–1622

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith CA, McKay CP, Ferri F (2008) Titan's tropical storms in an evolving atmosphere. Astron J 687:L41–L44

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirtzig MA, Coustenis E, Gendron P, Drossart A, Negrão M, Combes O, Lai P, Rannou S, Lebonnois, Luz D (2006) Monitoring atmospheric phenomena on Titan. Astron Astrophys 456:761–774

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hourdin F, Talagrand O, Sadourny R, Régis C, Gautier D, McKay C (1995) General circulation of the atmosphere of Titan. Icarus 117:358–374

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hourdin F, Lebonnois S, Luz D, Rannou P (2004) Titan's stratospheric composition driven by condensation and dynamics. J Geophys Res 109:E12005, doi:10.1029/2004JE002282

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard WB and 45 colleagues (1993) The occultation of 28 Sgr by Titan. Astron Astrophys 269:541–563

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hueso R, Sánchez-Lavega A (2006) Methane storms on Saturn's moon Titan. Nature 442:428–431

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunten DM, Tomasko MG, Flasar FM, Samuelson RE, Strobel DF, Stevenson DJ (1984) Titan. In Saturn, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp 671–759

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutzell WT, McKay CP, Toon OB (1993) Effects of time-varying haze production on Titan's geometric albedo. Icarus 105:162–174

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutzell WT, McKay CP, Toon OB, Hourdin F (1996) Simulations Titan's brightness by a two-dimensional haze model. Icarus 119:112–129

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings DE, Flasar FM, Kunde VG, Samuelson RE, Pearl JC, Nixon CA, Carlson RC, Mamoutkine AA, Brasunas JC, Guandique E, Achterberg RK, Bjoraker GL, Romani PN, Segura ME, Albright SA, Elliott MH, Tingley JS, Calcutt S, Coustenis A, Courtin R (2009) Titan's surface brightness temperatures. Astrophys J Lett 691:L103–L105

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Karkoschka E, Lorenz RD (1997) Latitudinal variation of aerosol sizes inferred from Titan's shadow. Icarus 125:369–379

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SJ, Trafton LM, Geballe TR (2008) No evidence of morning or large-scale drizzle on Titan. Astron J 679:L53–L56

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostiuk T, Fast KE, Livengood TA, Hewagama T, Goldstein JJ, Espenak F, Buhl D (2001) Direct measurement of winds on Titan. Geophys Res Lett 28:2361–2364

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostiuk T, Livengood TA, Hewagama T, Sonnabend G, Fast KE, Murakawa K, Tokunaga AT, Annen J, Buhl D, Schmülling F (2005) Titan's stratospheric zonal wind, temperature and ethane abundance a year prior to Huygens insertion. Geophys Res Lett 32:L22205

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostiuk T, Livengood TA, Sonnabend G, Fast KE, Hewagama T, Murakawa K, Tokunaga AT, Annen J, Buhl D, Schmülling F, Luz D, Witasse O (2006) Stratospheric global winds on Titan at the time of the Huygens descent. J Geophys Res 111:E07S03

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebonnois S, Toublanc D, Hourdin F, Rannou P (2001) Seasonal variations of Titan's atmospheric composition. Icarus 152:384–406

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebonnois S, Hourdin F, Rannou P, Luz D, Toublanc D (2003) Impact of the seasonal variations of composition on the temperature field of Titan's stratosphere. Icarus 163:164–174

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood GW, Thompson DT (1979) A relationship between solar activity and planetary albedos. Nature 280:43–45

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lockwood GW, Thompson DT (2009) Seasonal photometric variability of Titan, 1972–2006, Icarus 200:616–629

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD (1993) The life, death and afterlife of a raindrop on Titan. Planet Space Sci 41:647–655

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD (2008) The changing face of Titan. Phys Today 61:34–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, Radebaugh J The Global Pattern of Titan's Dunes: Radar Survey from the Cassini Prime Mission (2009). Geophysical Research Letters. 36: L03202

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, Smith PH, Lemmon MT, Karkoschka E, Lockwood GW, Caldwell J (1997) Titan's north—south asymmetry from HST and Voyager imaging: comparisons with models and groundbased photometry. Icarus 127:173–189

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, Lemmon MT, Smith PH, Lockwood GW (1999) Seasonal change on Titan observed with the Hubble Space Telescope WFPC-2. Icarus 142:391–401

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, Young EF, Lemmon MT (2001) Titan's smile and collar: HST observations of seasonal change, 1994–2000. Geophys Res Lett 28:4453–4456

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, Dooley JM, West JD, Fujii M (2003) Backyard spectroscopy and photometry of Titan, Uranus and Neptune. Planet Space Sci 51:113–125

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, Lemmon MT, Smith PH (2004) Seasonal change in Titan's haze 1992–2002 from Hubble Space Telescope Observations. Geophys Rev Lett 31:L10702, doi:10.1029/2004GL019864

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, Griffith CA, Lunine JI, McKay CP, Renno NO (2005) Convective Plumes and the Scarcity of Clouds on Titan. Geophysical Review Letters 32: L01201

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, Lemmon MT, Smith PH (2006) Seasonal evolution of Titan's dark polar hood: midsummer disappearance observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. Monthly Notices Royal Astron Soc 369:1683–1687

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, Stiles B, Kirk RL, Allison M, Persi del Marmo P, Iess L, Lunine JI, Ostro SJ, Hensley S (2008a) Titan's rotation reveals an internal ocean and changing zonal winds. Science 319:1649–1651

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz RD, West RD, Johnson WTK (2008b) Cassini RADAR constraint on Titan's winter polar precipitation. Icarus 195:812–816

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Luz D, Civeit T, Courtin R, Lebreton J-P, Gautier D, Rannou P, Kaufer A, Witasse O, Lara L, Ferri F (2005) Characterization of zonal winds in the stratosphere of Titan with UVES. Icarus 179:497–510

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Luz D, Civeit T, Courtin R, Lebreton JP, Gautier D, Witasse O, Kaufer A, Ferri F, Lara L, Livengood T, Kostiuk T 2006. Characterization of zonal winds in the stratosphere of Titan with UVES: 2. Observations coordinated with the Huygens Probe entry, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, E08S90

    Google Scholar 

  • McKay CP, Pollack JB, Courtin R (1989) The thermal structure of Titan's atmosphere. Icarus 80:23–53

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell J (2008) The drying of Titan's dunes: Titan's methane hydrology and its impact on atmospheric circulation. J Geophys Res 113:E08015

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JL (2009) Coupling convectively-driven atmospheric circulation to surface rotation: evidence for active methane weather in the observed spin rate drift of Titan. Astrophys J 692:168–173

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JL, Pierrehumbert RT, Frierson DMW, Caballero R (2006) The dynamics behind Titan's methane clouds. Proc Nat Acad Sci 103:18421–18426

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitri GL, Showman AP, Lunine JI, Lorenz RD (2007) Hydrocarbon lakes on Titan. Icarus 186:385–394

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno R, Marten A, Hidayat T (2005) Interferometric measurements of zonal winds on Titan. Astron Astrophys 437:319–328

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Porco CC, Baker E, Barbara J, Beurle K, Brahic A, Burns JA, Charnoz S, Cooper N, Dawson DD, Del Genio AD, Denk T, Dones L, Dyudina U, Evans MW, Fussner S, Giese B, Grazier K, Helfenstein P, Ingersoll AP, Jacobson RA, Johnson TV, McEwen A, Murray CD, Neukum G, Owen WM, Perry J, Roatsch T, Spitale J, Squyres S, Thomas P, Tiscareno M, Turtle EP, Vasavada AR, Veverka J, Wagner R, West R (2005) Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft. Nature 434:159–168

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rages K, Pollack JB (1983) Vertical distribution of scattering hazes in Titan's upper atmosphere. Icarus 55:50–62

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rannou P, Hourdin F, McKay CP (2002) A wind origin for Titan's haze structure. Nature 418:853–856

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rannou P, Hourdin F, McKay CP, Luz D (2004) A coupled dynamics-microphysics model of Titan's atmosphere. Icarus 170:443–462

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rannou P, Montmessin F, Hourdin F, Lebonnois S (2006) The latitudinal distribution of clouds on Titan. Science 311:201–205

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson MI, Toigo AD, Newman CE (2007) PlanetWRF: a general purpose, local to global numerical model for planetary atmospheric and climate dynamics. J Geophys Res 112:E09001

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe HG, de Pater I, Macintosh BA, McKay CP (2002) Titan's clouds from Gemini and Keck Adaptive Optics Imaging. Astrophys J 581:1399–1406

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Roe HG, de Pater I, McKay CP (2004) Seasonal variation of Titan's stratospheric ethylene (C 2H4 ) observed. Icarus 169:440–461

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Roe HG, Bouchez AH, Trujillo CA, Schaller EL, Brown ME (2005a) Discovery of temperate latitude clouds on Titan. Astrophys J 618: L49–L52

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Roe HG, Brown ME, Schaller E, Bouchez AH, Trujillo AC (2005b) Geographic control of Titan's mid-latitude clouds. Science 310:477–479

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelson RE, Mayo LA (1997) Steady-state model for methane condensation in Titan's troposphere planet. Space Sci 45:949–958

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelson RE, Nath NR, Borysow A (1997) Gaseous abundances and methane supersaturation in Titan's troposphere. Planet Space Sci 45:959–980

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaller EL, Brown ME, Roe HG, Bouchez AH, Trujillo CA (2005) Cloud activity on Titan during the Cassini mission, Lunar Planet. Sci. 36 Abstract 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller EL, Brown ME, Roe HG, Bouchez AH, Trujillo AH (2006a) A large cloud outburst at Titan's south pole. Icarus 182:224–229

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaller EL, Brown ME, Roe HG, Bouchez AH, Trujillo CA (2006b) Dissipation of Titan's south polar clouds. Icarus 184:517–523

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sicardy B, 51 colleagues (2006) The two Titan stellar occultations of 14 November 2003. J Geophys Res 111:E11S91, doi:10.1029/ 2005JE002624

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith BA, Soderblom LA, Beebe R, Boyce J, Briggs G, Bunker A, Collins SA, Hansen CJ, Johnson TV, Mitchell JL, Terrile RJ, Carr M, Cook AF II, Cuzzi J, Pollack JB, Danielson GE, Ingersoll A, Davies ME, Hunt GE, Masursky H, Shoemaker E, Morrison D, Owen T, Sagan C, Veverka J, Strom R, Suomi V (1981) Encounter with Saturn: Voyager 1 imaging results. Science 212:163–182

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BA, Soderblom LA, Batson R, Bridges P, Inge J, Masursky H, Shoemaker E, Beebe R, Boyce J, Briggs G, Bunker A, Collins SA, Hansen CJ, Johnson TV, Mitchell JL, Terrile RJ, Carr M, Cook AF II, Cuzzi J, Pollack JB, Danielson GE, Ingersoll A, Davies ME, Hunt GE, Morrison D, Owen T, Sagan C, Veverka J, Strom R, Suomi V (1982) A new look at the Saturn system: the Voyager 2 images. Science 215:504–537

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith PH, Lemmon MT, Lorenz RD, Sromovsky LA, Caldwell J, Allison MD (1996) Titan's Surface, Revealed by HST Imaging. Icarus 119:336–349

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sromovsky LA, Suomi VE, Pollack JB, Kraus RJ, Limaye SS, Owen T, Revercomb HE, Sagan C (1981) Implications of Titan's north–south brightness asymmetry. Nature 292:698–702

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson DJ, Potter BE (1986) Titan's latitudinal temperature distribution on seasonal cycles. Geophys Res Lett 13:93–96

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles B, Kirk R, Lorenz R, Hensley S, Lee E, Ostro S, Gim Y, Hamilton G, Johnson WTK, West R, Team CRADAR (2008) Estimating Titan's spin state from Cassini SAR data. Astronomical J 135:1669–1680

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Teanby NA, Irwin PGJ, de Kok R, Vinatier S, Bézard B, Nixon CA, Flasar FM, Calcutt SB, Bowles NE, Fletcher L, Howett C, Taylor FW (2007) Latitudinal variations of HCN, HC 3 N and C 2N2 in Titan's stratosphere derived from Cassini CIRS data. Icarus 181:364–384

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Teanby NA, de Kok R, Irwin PGJ, Osprey S, Vinatier S, Gierasch PJ, Read PL, Flasar FM, Conrath BJ, Achterberg RK, Bézard B, Nixon CA, Calcutt SB (2008) Titan's winter polar vortex structure revealed by chemical tracers. J Geophys Res 113:E12003. doi: 10.1029/ 2008JE003218

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokano T (2005) Meteorological assessment of the surface temperatures on Titan: constraints on the surface type. Icarus 173:222–242

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokano T (2008) Dune-forming winds on Titan and the influence of topography. Icarus 194:243–262

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokano T, Neubauer FM (2005) Wind-induced seasonal angular momentum exchange at Titan's surface and its influence on Titan's length-of-day. Geophys Res Lett 32:L24203

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokano T, Neubauer FM, Laube M, McKay CP (1999) Seasonal variation of Titan's atmospheric structure simulated by a general circulation model. Planet Space Sci 47:493–520

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokano T, Molina-Cuberos GL, Lammer H, Stumptner W (2001a) Modelling of thunderclouds and lightning generation on Titan. Planet Space Sci 49:539–560

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokano T, Neubauer FM, Laube M, McKay CP (2001b) Three-dimensional Modeling of the tropospheric methane cycle on Titan. Icarus 153:130–147

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokano T, McKay CP, Neubauer FM, Atreya SK, Ferri F, Fulchignoni M, Niemann HB (2006) Methane drizzle on Titan. Nature 442:432–435

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Toon OB, McKay CPR (1988) Courtin and T Ackerman, Methane Rain on Titan. Icarus 75:255–284

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Toon OB, McKay CP, Griffith CA, Turco RP (1992) A physical model of Titan's aerosols. Icarus 95:24–53

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Turtle EP, Perry JE, McEwen AS, DelGenio AD, Barbara J, West RA, Dawson DD, Porco CC (2009) Cassini imaging of Titans high latitude lakes, clouds, and south polar surface changes. Geophys Res Lett. 36:L02204

    Google Scholar 

  • Young EF, Rannou P, McKay CP et al (2002) A three-dimensional map of Titan's tropospheric haze distribution based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Astronomical J 123:3473–3486

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Young EF, Puetter R, Yahil A (2004) Direct imaging of Titan's extended Haze Layer. Geophys Res Lett 31:L17S09

    Google Scholar 

  • Yung YL (1987) An Update of Nitrile Photochemistry on Titan. Icarus 72:468–472

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

RL acknowledges the support of a Cassini Data Analysis Program grant. MEB is supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation Planetary Astronomy program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lorenz, R.D., Brown, M.E., Flasar, F.M. (2009). Seasonal Change on Titan. In: Brown, R.H., Lebreton, JP., Waite, J.H. (eds) Titan from Cassini-Huygens. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9215-2_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics