The tourism-recreation sector is increasingly recognized as a climate-sensitive economic sector, with both supply- (tourism operators, destination communities) and demand-side stakeholders (tourists) directly affected by climate and its indirect influence on a wide range of environmental resources that are critical to tourism. Knowledge of the affects of climate on tourism and the effectiveness of climate adaptations in this sector remains inadequate and behind that of other economic sectors that have a longer tradition of scholarly development and government involvement. This is problematic considering the continued rapid growth in tourism world-wide and its prominence in many national economies. This chapter provides an overview of the range of climate adaptations utilized in the tourism-recreation sector, comments on the state of knowledge about climate change adaptation in the sector, and discusses some important directions for future inquiry.
Keywords
- Adaptive Capacity
- Great Barrier Reef
- Climate Change Adaptation
- Global Environmental Change
- Climate Adaptation
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adger, W.N., Arnell, N. and Tompkins, E. (2005) Adapting to climate change: perspectives across scales, Global Environmental Change 15, 75–76.
Badenschier, F. and Schmitt, S. (2006) A Sun Ambrella for the Great Barrier Reef. Speigel Online, 7 November 2006. www.spieget.de/international/0,1518,drunk-446382,00.html
Barnes, B. (2002) The heat wave vacation. The Wall Street Journal 2 August, W1
Becken, S. (2004) Climate Change and Tourism in Fiji. Vulnerability, Adaptation and Mitigation. Final Report. Suva, Fiji, University of the South Pacific.
Berrittella, M., Bigano, A., Roson, R. and Tol, R. (2006). A general equilibrium analysis of climate change impacts on tourism. Tourism Management 27, 913–924.
Best, A. (2003) Is it getting hot in here? Ski Area Management, May, 57–76.
Black, R. (2006) Tower of London on climate list. www.news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/science/ nature/4810826.stm (accessed 17 March 2006).
Bloomberg News (2004) Operator betting on nature instead of snow insurance, Financial Post 12 January, FP5.
Bly, L. (2006) More travel firms offer hurricane ‘guarantees’. USA Today, 2 June 2006. 9D.
Braun, O, Lohmann, M, Maksimovic, O, Meyer, M, Merkovic, A, Riedel, A and Turner, M. (1999) Potential impact of climate change effects on preferences for tourism destinations. A psychological pilot study. Climate Research 11, 247–254.
Breiling, M. and Charamza, P. (1999) The impact of global warming on winter tourism and skiing: a regionalized model for Austrian snow conditions, Regional Environmental Change 1(1), 4–14.
Bürki, R. (2000) Klimaaenderung und Tourismus im Alpenraum — Anpassungsprozesse von Thouristen und Tourismusverantwortlichen in der Region Ob- und Nidwalden, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, Zurich, University of Zurich.
Butler, R. and Jones, P. (2001) Conclusions — problems, challenges and solutions. In: A Lockwood and S. Medlik (Eds.). Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 296–309.
Cesar, H. (2000). Impacts of the 1998 Coral Bleaching Event on Tourism in El Nido, Phillippines. Prepared for Coastal Resources Center Coral Bleaching Initiative. Narragansett, RI, USA: University of Rhode Island.
de Freitas, C. (1990) Recreation climate assessment. International Journal of Climatology 10, 89–103.
de Freitas, C. (2003) Tourism climatology: evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector, International Journal of Biometeorology 4, 45–54.
de Loe, R., Kreutzwiser, R. and Moraru, L. (2001) Adaptation options for the near term: climate change and the Canadian water sector. Global Environmental Change 11, 231–245.
Egan, T. (2005) The race to Alaska before it melts. The New York Times, 26 June.
Elsasser, H. and Bürki, R. (2002) Climate change as a threat to tourism in the Alps, Climate Research 20, 253–257.
Giles, A. and Perry, A. (1998) The use of a temporal analogue to investigate the possible impact of projected global warming on the UK tourist industry. Tourism Management 19(1), 75–80.
Gomez-Martin, M.B. (2005) Weather, climate and tourism — a geographical perspective, Annals of Tourism Research 32(3), 571–591.
Gössling, S. and Hall, C.M. (2006) An introduction to tourism and global environmental change. In: S. Gössling and C.M. Hall (Eds.). Tourism and Global Environmental Change. London, Routledge, pp. 1–34.
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2007a) Coral Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/science/climate_change/climate_change_and_the_great_barrier_reef/coral_bleaching_on_the_great_barrier_reef
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2007b) Great Barrier Reef Coral Bleaching
Response Plan 2006–2007. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/ 0020/13169/Coral_Bleaching_Response_Plan_2006–07_Final.pdf.
Greenwood, J. (2004) Investors wait since 1991 on ski resort plan: regulatory faceoff, Financial Post, 12 January, FP1 and 5.
Grothmann, T. and Pratt, A. (2005) Adaptive capacity and human cognition: the process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change 15, 199–213.
Hamilton, J., Maddison, D. and Tol, R. (2005) Effects of climate change on international tourism. Climate Research 29, 245–254.
Innovest Strategic Value Advisors (2003) Carbon Finance and the Global Equity Markets. Carbon Disclosure Project, London.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Third Assessment Report. Geneva, Switzerland, United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Jahn, G. (2005) Glacial Cover-Up Won't Stop Global Warming, 17 July Associated Press. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id = 947283&CMP = OTC-RSSFeeds0312 (accessed 26 January 2006).
Johnson, A. (2005) Early start to hurricane season forces travelers, resorts to adjust. The Wall Street Journal, 21 July, D5.
Jones, B. and Scott, D. (2006a) Climate Change, Seasonality and Visitation to Canada's National Parks. Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration 24(2), 42–62.
Jones, B. and Scott, D. (2006b) Implications of Climate Change for Visitation to Ontario's Provincial Parks. Leisure 30(1), 233–261.
Kelly, N. (2001) Recreation and Tourism. In: Climate Change and Insurance. The Chartered Insurance Institute, London, pp. 27–34.
König, U. (1998) Tourism in a Warmer World: Implications of Climate Change due to Enhanced Greenhouse Effect for the Ski Industry in the Australian Alps, Wirtschaftsgeographie und Raumplanung, vol. 28, Zurich, University of Zurich.
König, U., Abegg, B. (1997) Impacts of climate change on tourism in the Swiss Alps, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 5(1), 46–58
Lise, W. and Tol, R. (2002) Impact of climate on tourist demand. Climatic Change 55, 429–449.
Lowe, R. (2003) Preparing the built environment for climate change, Building Research and Information 31(3–4), 195–199.
Maddison D. (2001) In search of warmer climates? The impact of climate change on flows of British tourists. Climatic Change 49, 193–208.
MacInnis, L (2006) Swiss ski resort tries to cover up climate change. PlanetArk World News. www.planetark.org/avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid = 35717 (accessed 20 March 2006).
Melting Mountains (2006) http://meltingmountains.org/ (accessed 29 March 2006)
MyClimate (2006) http://www.myclimate.org/index.php?&lang = en (accessed 29 March 2006).
National Research Council (2003) Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Committee on the Status and Future Directions in US Weather Modification Research and Operations. Washington, DC, National Research Council.
National Ski Areas Association (2006) Available http://www.nsaa.org/nsaa/press/2005/04-;05-sa-number-history.pdf (accessed 11 January 2006).
Pack, T. (2004) Florida tourism problem. Hotel Online — News for the Hospitality Executive. www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2004_4th/Oct04_FloridaNextYear.htm (accessed 28 July 2005).
Pain, J. (2005) Florida tourism flying high despite'04 hurricanes. USA Today. www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/2005-06-14-florida-tourism_x.htm (accessed 25 July 2005).
Parry, R. (2005) Cherry Trees Programmed to Blossom for Tourists. The Times Online. 9 June 2005. www.timesonline.co.uk/
Prideaux, B. (2006) The use of scenarios to project the imapct of global warming on future visitation to the Great Barrier Reef. ATLAS Asia Pacific 2006 Conference — Tourism After Oil. 2–5 December. Dunedin, New Zealand.
Raksakulthai, V. (2003) Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Tourism in Phuket, Thailand. Pathumthai, Thailand: Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre.
Reuters (2004) Climate Change Seen Climbing Agendas-Investor Group, 18 May 2004.
Richardson, R., Loomis, J. (2004) Adaptive recreation planning and climate change: a contingent visitation approach. Ecological Economics 50, 83–99.
Scott, D. (2006a). Climate change and sustainable tourism in the 21st century, in Cukier, J. (Ed.). Tourism Research: Policy, Planning, and Prospects — 2003. Department of Geography Publication Series, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
Scott, D. (2006b) Ski Industry Adaptation to Climate Change: Hard, Soft and Policy Strategies. In: S. Gossling and M. Hall (Eds.). Tourism and Global Environmental Change, London, Routledge, pp. 262–285.
Scott, D. (2006c). Global environmental change and mountain tourism. In: S. Gossling and C.M. Hall (Eds.). Tourism and Global Environmental Change. London, Routledge, pp. 54–75.
Scott, D. and Jones, B. (2005) Climate Change and Banff: Implications for Tourism and Recreation — Executive Summary, Town of Banff, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
Scott, D. and Jones, B. (2006a) Climate Change and Nature-Based Tourism: Implications for Parks Visitation in Canada. Technical Report to the Government of Canada Climate Change Action Fund — Impacts and Adaptation Program. University of Waterloo, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Waterloo, Canada.
Scott, D. and Jones, B. (2006b) Climate Change and Outdoor Recreation in Canada. Technical Report to the Government of Canada Climate Change Action Fund — Impacts and Adaptation Program. Waterloo, Canada: University of Waterloo, Faculty of Environmental Studies.
Scott, D., Jones, B., Lemieux, C., McBoyle, G., Mills, B., Svenson, S. and Wall, G. (2002) The Vulnerability of Winter Recreation to Climate Change in Ontario's Lakelands Tourism Region. Waterloo, Canada, University of Waterloo, Department of Geography Publication Series, Occasional Paper 18.
Scott, D., Wall, G. and McBoyle, G.(2005a) The evolution of the climate change issue in the tourism sector. In: C.M. Hall and J. Higham (Eds.). Tourism, Recreation and Climate Change. Channelview Press, London, pp. 44–60.
Scott, D., Jones, B., Abi Khaled, H. (2005b) Climate Change: A Long-Term Strategic Issue for the NCC. Implications for Recreation-Tourism Business Lines. Report prepared for the National Capital Commission. University of Waterloo, Department of Geography, Waterloo, Ontario.
Scott, D., Jones, B., Konopek, J. (2007) Implications of climate and environmental change for nature-based tourism in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: A case study of Waterton Lakes National Park. Tourism Management, 28(2), 570–579.
Scott, D., Jones, B., McBoyle, G. (2006) Climate, Tourism and Recreation: A Bibliography 1936 to 2005. University of Waterloo, Department of Geography, Waterloo, Ontario. Available at: http://www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/geography/faculty/dscott.html
Simmons, P. (2005) Swiss plan to wrap up their glaciers, The Times, 30 March, p. 66.
Smit, B. and Skinner, M. (2002) Adaptation options in agriculture to climate change: a typology, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 7, 85–114.
Smit, B. Burton, I., Klein, R., Wandel, J. (2000) An anatomy of adaptation to climate change and variability, Climatic Change 45(1): 233–51.
Sievanen, T., Tervo, K., Neuvonen, M., Pouta, E., Saarinen, J., Peltonen, A. (2005) Nature-based tourism, outdoor recreation and adaptation to climate change. FINADAPT Working Paper 11. Helsinki: Finnish Environment Institute.
Sulaiman, Y. (2006) Australia considers hosing the Great Barrier Reef. eTN Pacific, 7 November 2006.
The Economist (1998) Winter wonderlands, The Economist, 31 January.
The Wall Street Journal (2005) ‘Investors Request Data on Company Emissions, 2 February 2005. USA Today (2005) Florida's hurricanes boost Arizona tourism. www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2004-10-11-az-hurrican_x.htm (accessed 29 July 2005).
Uyarra M., Cote I., Gill, J., Tinch, R., Viner, D., Watkinson, A. (2005) Island-specific preferences of tourists for environmental features: Implications of climate change for tourism-dependent states. Environmental Conservation 32(1), 11–19.
Wall G. (1992) Tourism alternatives in an era of global climate change. In: V. Smith and W. Eadington (Eds). Tourism Alternatives. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pp. 194–236
Wall, G. and Badke, C. (1994) Tourism and climate change: an international perspective, Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2(4), 193–203.
Wheeler, D. (1995) Majorca’s water shortages arouse Spanish passions. Geography 80, 283–286. Williams, D. (2005) Wilma deals $800 million blow to Mexico travel industry. www.cnn.com/2005/travel/10/26/wilma.mexico.travel/index.html (accessed 27 October 2005).
Wilton D. and Wirjanto T. (1998) An analysis of the seasonal variation in the national tourism indicators. Canadian Tourism Commission, Ottawa, Canada.
Wolfsegger, C., Gossling, S., and Scott, D. (2008). Climate change risk appraisal in the Austrian ski industry. Tourism Review International (in press).
World Health Organization (2002) Global Solar UV Index: A Practical Guide. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
World Travel and Tourism Council (2006) Executive Summary: Travel and Tourism Climbing to New Heights. World Travel and Tourism Council, London. World Tourism Organization (2003) Climate Change and Tourism. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism, Djerba, 9–11 April, Madrid, World Tourism Organization.
World Tourism Organization (2006) UNWTO World Tourism Barometer 4 (1).
World Tourist Organization (1998) Tourism 2020 Vision. WTO Publications Unit, World Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Scott, D., de Freitas, C., Matzarakis, A. (2009). Adaptation in the Tourism and Recreation Sector. In: Ebi, K.L., Burton, I., McGregor, G.R. (eds) Biometeorology for Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change. Biometeorology, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8921-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8921-3_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8920-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8921-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)