Abstract
Political, economic, social and biological forces have altered agricultural practices in the last several decades. One result has been the development of transgenic maize and cotton varieties expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which have become important components in IPM programs globally. In 2007, Bt maize and Bt cotton were grown in 13 and 9 countries, respectively. Bt plants have provided simultaneous opportunities and challenges to managing insect pest complexes, but overall their use has resulted in strong economic and environmental benefits. Their adoption rate has been dramatic. In only the 12th year after their introduction, they were grown on 42.1 million hectares in 2007. Thus, Bt plants have turned what was once a minor foliar insecticide (Bt) into a major control strategy. Other Bt commodities are expected to be registered in the near future. Additionally, new insecticide molecules are being developed for expression in plants and plant genes are being altered to affect biochemical pathways that elicit insect resistance. However, adoption of Bt plants should be viewed within the larger context of food systems, cultures, human values, politics and the roles and responsibilities of science in the modern world. Such a context helps explain the variable adoption rates of Bt plants on a global basis and helps provide insights for the future deployment of insect-resistant plants.
Keywords
- Integrate Pest Management
- Integrate Pest Management Program
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Insecticide Resistance Management
- Insecticide Resistance Management Strategy
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bates, S.L., Zhao, J.-Z., Roush, R.T., and Shelton, A.M., 2005. Insect resistance management in GM crops: Past, present and future. Nature Biotechnology 23: 57–62.
Brookes, G., and Barfoot, P., 2006a. Global impact of biotech crops: Socio-economic and environmental effects in the first ten years of commercial use. AgBioForum 9: 139–151.
Brookes, G., and Barfoot, P., 2006b. GM Crops: The First Ten Years – Global Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts. ISAAA Brief No. 36, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Carson, R., 1962. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA, USA.
CBD Secretariat, 2000. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity: Text and Annexes. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada.
Chen, M., Zhao, J.-Z., Colins, H.L., Earle, E.D., Cao, J., and Shelton, A.M., 2008. A critical assessment of the effects of Bt transgenic plants on parasitoids. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2284. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002284.
Easterbrook, G., 1997. Forgotten benefactor of humanity. The Atlantic Monthly 279: 75–82.
Goklany, I., 2002. From precautionary principle to risk-risk analysis. Nature Biotechnology 20: 1075.
Herring, R.J., 2007a. Stealth seeds: Bioproperty, biosafety and biopolitics. Journal of Development Studies 43: 130–157.
Herring, R.J., 2007b. Suicide seeds? Biotechnology meets the development state. http://casi.ssc.upenn.edu/india/index.html (accessed 11 January 2008).
Hesser, L., 2006. The man who fed the world: Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug and his battle to end world hunger. Durban House Publishing, Dallas, TX, USA.
James, C., 2007. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2007. ISAAA Brief No. 37, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Johnson, K.L., Raybould, A.F., Hudson, M.D., and Poppy, G.M., 2007. How does scientific risk assessment of GM crops fit within the wider risk analysis? Trends in Plant Sciences 12: 1–5.
Kelves, D.J., 2001. The battle over biotechnology. In: Days of Destiny, Crossroads in American History, D. Rubel, ed., DK Publishing, New York, USA, pp. 453–463.
Kovach, J., Petzoldt, C., Degni, J., and Tette, J., 1992. A method to measure the environmental impact of pesticides. New York’s Food and Life Sciences Bulletin. NYS Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, USA. http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/eiq/ (accessed 6 January 2008).
Marvier, M., McCreedy, C., Regetz, J., and Kareiva, P., 2007. A meta-analysis of effects of Bt cotton and maize on nontarget invertebrates. Science 316: 1475–1477.
O’Callaghan, M., Glare, T.R., Burgess, E.P.J., and Malone, L.A., 2005. Effects of plants genetically modified for insect resistance on nontarget organisms. Annual Review of Entomology 50: 271–292.
Paarlberg, R., 2007. Keeping genetically engineered crops out of Africa (Abstract). Workshop on contentious knowledge and the diffusion of social protest. http://www.socialsciences.cornell.edu/0609/Diffusion.html#Agenda/ (accessed 6 January 2008).
Painter, R.H., 1951. Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, KS, USA.
Raybould, A., 2007. Ecological versus ecotoxicological methods for assessing the environmental risks of transgenic crops. Plant Science 173: 589–602.
Romeis, J., Meissle M., and Bigler, F., 2006. Transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and biological control. Nature Biotechnology 24: 63–71.
Romeis, J., Bartsch, D., Bigler, F., Candolfi, M.P., Gielkens, M.M.C., Hartley, S.E., Hellmich, R.L., Huesing, J.E., Jepson, P.C., Layton, R., Quemada, H., Raybould, A., Rose, R.I., Schiemann, J., Sears, M.K., Shelton, A.M., Sweet, J., Vaituzis, Z., and Wolt, J.D., 2008. Assessment of risk of insect-resistant transgenic crops to nontarget arthropods. Nature Biotechnology 26: 203–208.
Sanvido, O., Romeis, J., and Bigler, F., 2007. Ecological impacts of genetically modified crops: Ten years of field research and commercial cultivation. Advances in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology 107: 235–278.
Shelton, A.M., and Sears, M.K., 2001. The monarch butterfly controversy: Scientific interpretations of a phenomenon. The Plant Journal 27: 483–488.
Shelton, A.M., Zhao, J.-Z., and Roush, R.T., 2002a. Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants. Annual Review of Entomology 47: 845–881.
Shelton, A.M., McCandless, L., Lewenstein, B., Hawkes, J., Lyson, T., Bauman, T., and Aldwinckle, H. 2002b. Agricultural biotechnology: Informing the dialogue, 2002. Available online at http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/comm/gmo/ (accessed 6 January 2008).
Stern, V.M., Smith, R.F., van den Bosch, R., and Hagen, K., 1959. The integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29: 81–101.
Tabashnik, B.E., Carrière, Y., Dennehy, T.J., Morin, S., Sisterson, M.S., Roush, R.T., Shelton, A.M., and Zhao, J.Z., 2003. Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: Lessons from the laboratory and field. Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 1031–1038.
Thomson, J.A., 2008. The role of biotechnology for agricultural sustainability in Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363: 905–913.
Van Emden, H.F., and Peakall, D.B., eds., 1996. Beyond Silent Spring: Integrated Pest Management and Chemical Safety. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shelton, A.M., Romeis, J., Kennedy, G.G. (2008). IPM and Insect-Protected Transgenic Plants: Thoughts for the Future. In: Romeis, J., Shelton, A.M., Kennedy, G.G. (eds) Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs. Progress in Biological Control, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8372-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8373-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)