Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Population Aging in Canada and the United States

  • Chapter
International Handbook of Population Aging

Part of the book series: International Handbooks of Population ((IHOP,volume 1))

Population aging is a global phenomenon. The populations of developed nations have aged quickly over the last fifty years, shifting from a median age of 29.0 in 1950 to a median age of 38.6 in 2005 (United Nations 2007). Although the populations of developing nations are younger, with a median age of 25.5, these populations are expected to age rapidly in the future (United Nations 2007). As described in Chapter 1 of this handbook, the aging of the human population is principally the result of worldwide fertility decline, although reductions in old age mortality also play a role. This set of changes is part of the demographic transition, the process by which societies move from high fertility and mortality to low fertility and mortality (Kirk 1996). In turn, these demographic changes are intertwined with social and economic change such that the demographic transition is typically considered a component of modernization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alzheimer Society of Ontario (2007) Projected prevalence of dementia: Ontario’s local health integration networks. Retrieved January 25, 2009, from http://alzheimerontario.org/local/files/Web%20site/Public%20Policy/Projected-Prevalence-of-Dementia-LHINs-April-2007.pdf

  • Anderson GF, Kerluke KJ, Pulcins IR, Hertzman C, Barer ML (1993) Trends and determinants of prescription drug expenditures in the elderly: Data from the British Columbia Phar-macare program. Inquiry 30:199–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson GF, Pulcins IR, Barer ML, Evans RG, Hertzman C (1990) Acute care hospital utilization under Canadian National Health Insurance: The British Columbia experience from 1969–1988. Inquiry 27:352–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Applebaum R, Payne M (2005) How supplemental security income works. Generations 29(1):27–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker M, Benjamin D (1999) Early retirement provisions and the labor force behavior of older men: Evidence from Canada. J Lab Econ 17(4, pt 1):724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barer ML, Evans RG, Hertzman C (1995) Avalanche or glacier?: Health care and the demographic rhetoric. Can J Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement 14(2):193–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Barer ML, Hertzman C, Miller R, Pascali MV (1994) On being old and sick: The burden of health care for the elderly in Canada and the United States. In: Marmor TR, Smeeding TM, Greene VL (eds) Economic security and intergenera- tional justice: A look at North America, The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC, pp 263–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Barer ML, Pulcins IR, Evans RG, Hertzman C, Lomas J, Anderson GF (1989) Trends in use of medical services by the elderly in British Columbia. Can Med Ass J 141:39–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell F, Miller ML (2005) Life tables for the United States Social Security Area 1900–2100. Social Security Administration, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman H, Beland F, Lebel P, Contandriopoulos AP, Tousignant P, Brunelle Y et al (1997) Care for Canada’s frail elderly population: Fragmentation or integration? Can Med Assoc J 157(8):1116–1121

    Google Scholar 

  • Black C, Roos NP, Havens B, MacWilliam L (1995) Rising use of physician services by the elderly: The contribution of morbidity. Can J Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillisse-ment 14(2):225–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund (1991) 1991 Annual report of trustees of the federal old-age and survivors insurance and disability insurance trust funds. Retrieved April 27, 2008, from http://www.ssa.gov/history/pdf/1991.pdf

  • Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund (2008) The 2008 Annual report of the board of trustees of the federal old-age and survivors insurance and federal disability insurance trust fund. Retrieved April 27, 2008, from http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/TR/TR08/tr08.pdf

  • Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C (1998) Projections of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am J Public Health 88(9):1337–1342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buerhaus PI, Staiger DO, Auerbach DI (2000) Implications of an aging registered nurse workforce. J Am Med Assoc 283(22):2948–2945

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burtless G, Quinn JF (2000) Retirement trends and policies to encourage work among older Americans. Working Papers in Economics Retrieved March 26, 2008, from escholarship. bc.edu/econ_papers/175

  • Butrica BA, Johnson RW, Smith KE, Steuerle CE (2006) The implicit tax on work at older ages. Natl Tax J, LVIV(2):211–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Institute for Health Information (2006) National health expenditure trends 1975–2006. CIHI, Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  • Carriere Y (2000) The impact of population aging and hospital days: Will there be a problem? In: Gee EM, Gutman GM (eds) The overselling of population aging: Apocalyptic demography, intergenerational challenges, and social policy, Oxford University Press, Don Mills, ON, pp 26–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrington PJ (2001) Population aging and crime in Canada, 2000–2041. Can J Criminol/Revue Canadienne de Crimi-nologie 43, 331–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Casper LM, Bianchi SM (2002) Continuity and change in the American family. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2005) Med-icaid at-a-glance 2005: A Medicaid information source. Retrieved March 27, 2008, from http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidGenInfo/Downloads/MedicaidAtAGlance2005.pdf

  • Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2007) Medicare. Retrieved March 27, 2008, from www.ssa.gov/pubs/10043.pdf

  • Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2008) Medicare and you 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2008, from www.medi-care.gov/Publications/Pubs/pdf/10050.pdf

  • Charbonneau H, Desjardins B, Legare J, Denis H (2000) The population of the St. Lawrence Valley, 1608–1760. In: Haines MR, Steckel RH (eds), A population history of North America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 99–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheal D (2000) Aging and demographic change. Canadian Public Policy - Analyse de Politiques 26(Supplement: The Trends):S109–S122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chief Actuary of Canada (2003) 7th actuarial report on the old age security program. Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Chief Actuary of Canada (2007) 23rd actuarial report on the Canada Pension Plan as at 31 December 2006. Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Chulis GS, Eppig FJ, Hogan MO, Waldo DR, Arnett III, RH (1993) Data watch: Health insurance and the elderly. Health Aff 12(1):111–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2007) Facts and figures 2005 Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents. Retrieved July 1, 2007, from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2005/foreword/index.asp.

  • Clark (2000) 100 years of education. Can Soc Trends 59(Winter):3–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Congressional Budget Office (2004) Financing long-term care for the elderly. Congress of the United States, Washington, DC, Retrieved November 13, 2007, from http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/54xx/doc5400/04-26-LongTermCare.pdf

  • Coale AJ, Zelnik M (1963) New estimates of fertility and population in the United States: A study of annual white births from 1855 to 1960 and of completeness of enumeration in the censuses from 1880 to 1960. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook FL, Marshall VW, Marshall JG, Kaufman JE (1994) The salience of intergenerational equity in Canada and the United States. In: Marmor T, Smeeding T, Greene V (eds), Economic security and intergenerational justice: A look at North America, Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC, pp 91–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyte PC (2000) Home care in Canada: Passing the buck. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Crystal S, Johnson RW, Harman J, Sambamoorthi U, Kumar R (2000) Out-of-pocket health care costs among older Americans. J Gerontol: Soc Sci 55B(1):S51–S62

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullinane P (2006/2007) Promoting purposeful lives for greater good: Civic engagement programs of aging organizations. Generations 30(4):109–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler DM, Poterba JM, Sheiner LM, Summers LH (1990) An aging society: Opportunity of challenge. Brook Pap Econ Act 1990(1):1–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danzon PM (2000) Making sense of drug prices. Regulation 23(1):56–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Denton FT, Feaver CH, Spencer BG (1998) The future population of Canada: Its age distribution and dependency relations. Can J Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement 17(1):83–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Denton FT, Gafni A, Spencer BG (2002) Exploring the effects of population change on the costs of physician services. J Health Econ 21:781–803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denton FT, Gafni A, Spencer BG (2003) Requirements for physicians in 2030: Why population aging matters less than you may think. Can Med Assoc J 168(12):1545–1547

    Google Scholar 

  • Denton FT, Spencer BG (2000) Population aging and its economic costs: A survey of the issues and evidence. Can J Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement 19(Suppl 1):1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Denton FT, Spencer BG (2002) Some demographic consequences of revising the definition of “Old Age” to reflect future changes in life table probabilities. Can J Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement 21(3):349–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Homeland Security (2008) Yearbook of immigration statistics: 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2008, from http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/publications/LPR07.shtm

  • Di Matteo L, Di Matteo R (2001) Public home care expenditures in Canada. Can Public Policy – Analyse de Politiques 37(3):313–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doka KJ (1992) When gray is golden: Business in an aging America. Futurist 26(4):16–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterlin RA (2000) Growth and composition of the American population in the twentieth century. In: Haines MR, Steckel RH (eds):A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 631–675

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder GHJ (1975) Age differentiation and the life course. Annu Rev Sociol 1:165–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espenshade TJ (1994) Can immigration slow U.S. population aging? J Policy Anal Manag 13(4):759–768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans RG, McGrail KM, Morgan SG, Barer ML, Hertzman C (2001) Apocalypse no: Population aging and the future of health care systems. Can J Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement 20(suppl. 1):160–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Foot DK (1989) Public expenditures, population aging and economic dependency in Canada, 1921–2021. Popul Res Policy Rev 8(1):97–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foot DK, Stoffman D (1996) Boom, bust and echo: How to profit from the coming demographic shift. Macfarlane, Walter and Ross, Toronto, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Foot DK, Venne R (2005) Awakening to the intergenerational equity debate in Canada. J Can Stud 39(1):5–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford D, Nault F (1996) Changing fertility patterns, 1974 to 1994. Health Rep 8(3):39–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee EM (1990) Demographic change and intergenerational relations in Canadian families: Findings and social policy implications. Can Public Pol – Analyse de Politiques 16(2):191–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gee EM (2000) Population and politics: voodoo demography, population aging, and Canadian social policy. In: Gee EM, Gutman GM (eds) The overselling of population aging: Apocalyptic demography, intergenerational challenges, and social policy, Oxford University Press, Don Mills, ON, pp 5–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee EM (2002) Misconceptions and misapprehensions about population ageing. Int J Epidemiol 31(4):750–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gemery HA (2000) The white population of the colonial United States, 1607–1790. In: Haines MR, Steckel RH, (eds), A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 143–190

    Google Scholar 

  • General Accounting Office (2002) Private pensions: Improving worker coverage and benefits. GAO, Washington, DC. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02225.pdf

  • Gerdtham UG, Sogaard J, Andersson F, Jonsson B (1992) An econometric analysis of health care expenditure: A cross-section study of the OECD countries. J Health Econ 11:63–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Getzen TE (1992) Population aging and the growth of health expenditures. J Gerontol 47(3):S98–S104

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson M (2004) Banning mandatory retirement: Throwing out the baby with the bathwater. Backgrounder No. 79 Retrieved March 20, 2008, from www.cdhow.org/pdf/backgrounder_79.pdf

  • Haines MR (1998) Estimated life tables for the United States, 1850–1910. Hist Meth 31(4):149–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines MR (2000) The white population of the United States, 1790–1920. In: Haines MR, Steckel RH (eds), A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 305–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakkio CS, Wiseman EJ (2006) Social security and medicare: The impending fiscal challenge. Econ Rev – Fed Res Bank Kansas City 91(1):7–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Henripin J (1994) The financial consequences of population aging. Can Public Policy – Analyse de Politiques 20(1):78–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hering M, Klassen T (2006) Welfare regimes and retirement ages: Reform options and policy choices in Canada, Germany and South Korea, 1995–2005. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting. Retrieved March 18, 2008, from http://www.glendon.yorku.ca/english/faculty/researchcentres/api/pdf/retire.pdf

  • Heuser RL (1976) Fertility tables for birth cohorts by color: United States, 1917–1973. DHEW Publication (HRA) 76-1152. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollis A (2004) How cheap are Canada’s drugs really? J Pharm Pharm Sci 7(2):215–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrung WB (2004) Information, the introduction of Roths, and IRA participation. Cont Econ Anal Policy 3(1):1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes ME, O’Rand AM (2004) The lives and times of the baby boomers. Population Reference Bureau and Russell Sage Foundation, Washington, DC and New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes ME, Waite LJ (2004) The American family as a context for aging. In: Harper S (ed), The family in an aging society. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes ME, Waite LJ (2007) The aging of the second demographic transition. In: Schaie KW, Uhlenberg P (eds), Social structures: The impact of demographic changes on the well-being of older persons, Springer, New York, NY, pp 179–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Resources and Social Development Canada (2006a) Annual report of the Canada Pension Plan: Fiscal year 2004– 2005. Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Resources and Social Development Canada (2006b) Legislative framework: Mandatory retirement. Retrieved January 29, 2009, from http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/lp/spila/wlb/aw/27retirement_legislative02.shtml

  • Human Resources and Social Development Canada (2007) Annual report of the Canada Pension Plan 2006–2007. Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RW, Schaner SG (2005) Value of unpaid activities of older Americans tops $165 billion per year. The Urban Institute, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RW, Toohey D, Wiener J (2007) Meeting the long-term care needs of the baby boomers: How changing families will affect paid helpers and institutions. The Urban Institute, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser Family Foundation (2007) Medicare: Medicare spending and financing. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane RL, Kane RA (1994) Financing long-term care: Lessons from Canada. In: Marmor TR, Smeeding TM, Greene VL (eds), Economic security and intergenerational justice: A look at North America. The Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC, pp 301–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieran P (2001) Early retirement trends. Perspectives 2(9):5–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim YIA (2007) Impact of birth subsidies on fertility: Empirical study of allowance for newborn children, a pronatal policy. University of Chicago, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk D (1996) Demographic transition theory. Popul Stud 50(3):361–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesthaeghe R (1995) The second demographic transition in western countries: An interpretation. In: Mason KO, Jensen AM (eds), Gender and family change in industrialized countries. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 17–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt SD (1999) The limited role of changing age structure in explaining aggregate crime rates. Criminology 37(3):581–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little JS, Triest RK (2002) The impact of demographic change on US labor markets. New Engl Econ Rev (First Quarter), 47–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Lum TY, Lightfoot E (2005) The effects of volunteering on the physical and mental health of older people. Res Aging 27(1):31–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lusardi A, Skinner J, Venti S (2003) Pension accounting and personal saving. Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannheim K (1952) The problem of generations. In: Essays on the sociology of knowledge. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, pp 276–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmor T, Oberlander J (1998) Rethinking medicare reform. Health Aff 17(1):52–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall VW, Cook FL, Marshall JG (1993) Conflict over intergenerational equity: Rhetoric and reality in a comparative context. In: Bengtson VL, Achenbaum WA (eds), The changing contract across generations. Aldine De Gruyter, New York, pp 119–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin P, Midgley E (2003) Immigration: Shaping and reshaping America. Popul Bull 58(2):1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinson M (2006/2007) Opportunities or obligations? Civic engagement and older adults. Generations 30(4):59–65

    Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel SA (1986) Canada’s aging population. Butterworths, Toronto, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel SA (2003) Toward disentangling policy implications of economic and demographic changes in Canada’s aging population. Can Public Policy – Analyse de Politiques 29(4):491–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel SA, Chappell NL (1999) Health care in regression: Contradictions, tensions and implications for Canadian seniors. Can Public Policy – Analyse de Politiques 25(1):123–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGarry K (1996) Factors determining participation of the elderly in supplemental security income. J Hum Res 31(2):331–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInnis M (2000a) The population of Canada in the nineteenth century. In: Haines MR, Steckel RH (eds), A population history of North America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 371–432

    Google Scholar 

  • McInnis M (2000b) Canada’s population in the twentieth century. In: Haines MR, Steckel RH (eds) A population history of North America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 529–600

    Google Scholar 

  • McMullin JA, Tomchick TL (2004) To be employed or not to be employed?: An examination of employment incentives and disincentives for older workers in Canada. Workforce Aging in the New Economy, University of Western Ontario, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Merette M (2002) The bright side: A positive view on the economics of aging. Choices: Econ Growth, Inst Res Public Policy 8(1):2–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Milligan K (2002) Quebec’s baby bonus: Can public policy raise fertility? C.D. Howe Institute, Toronto, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan DL, Schuster TL, Butler EW (1991) Role reversals in the exchange of social support. J Gerontol: Soc Sci 46: S278–S287

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullan P (2000) The imaginary time bomb: Why an ageing population is not a social problem. St. Martin’s Press, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Munnell AH, Sunden A, Lidstone E (2002) How important are private pensions? Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Munnell AH (2004) Population aging: It’s not just the baby boom. Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, Boston, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • National Advisory Council on Aging (1999) 1999 and beyond: Challenges for an aging Canadian society. National Advisory Council on Aging, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • National Alliance for Caregiving (2005) Caregiving in the U.S. AARP, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics (2008) Vital statistics of the United States, 2002 Volume I, Natality, Internet Release. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/statab/natfinal2002.annvol1_07.pdf

  • National Center for Health Statistics (2008) Health data for all ages. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/health_data_for_all_ages.html

  • National Coalition on Health Care (2008) Health care in Canada. World Health Care Data Retrieved March 27, 2008, from http://www.nchc.org/facts/Canada.pdf

  • Neugarten BL (1975) The future and the young-old. Gerontologist,15(1):4–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Northcott HC (1994) Public perceptions of the population aging ‘Crisis’. Can Public Policy – Analyse de Politiques 20(1):66–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell JM (1996) The relationship between health expenditures and the age structure of the population in OECD countries. Health Econ 5:573–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ory MG, Hoffman RR, Yee JL Tennstedt S, Schulz R (1999) Prevalence and impact of caregiving: A detailed comparison between dementia and nondementia caregivers. Gerontologist 39(2):177–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Osberg L (2003) Long run trends in income inequality in the United States, UK, Sweden, Germany and Canada: A birth cohort view. East Econ J 29(1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostbye T, Crosse E (1994) Net economic costs of dementia in Canada. Can Med Assoc J 51(10):1457–1464

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JL (2006) Entitlement programs for the aged: The long-term fiscal context. Res Aging 28(3):289–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson PG (1999) Gray dawn: The global aging crises. Foreign Aff 78(1):43–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Porterba JM, Summers LH (1987) Public policy implications of declining old age mortality. In: Burtless G (ed) Work, health and income among the elderly, Brookings, Washington, DC, pp 19–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner RA (1995) Aging and old age. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers ET, Neumark D (2005) The supplemental security income program and incentives to claim social security retirement early. Natl Tax J 58(1):5–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston S, Himes C, Eggers M (1989) Demographic conditions responsible for population aging. Demography 26(4):691704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prince MJ (2000) Apocalyptic, opportunistic, and realistic demographic discourse: Retirement income and social policy or chicken littles, nest-eggies, and humpty dumpties. In: Gee EM, Gutman GM (eds) The overselling of population aging: Apocalyptic demography, intergenerational challenges, and social policy, Oxford University Press, Don Mills, ON, pp 99–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Purcell P (2005) Older workers: Employment and retirement trends. In: Mitchell OS, Clark RL (eds) Reinventing the retirement paradigm, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 55–69

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Quadagno J (2004) Why the United States has no national health insurance: Stakeholder mobilization against the welfare states, 1945–1996. J Health Soc Behav 25(Extra Issue):25–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn JF (2002) Changing retirement trends and their impact on elderly entitlement programs. In: Altman SH, Schactman DI (eds) Policies for an aging society, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD: pp 293–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Regie des rentes du Quebec (2003) Actuarial report of the Quebec Pension Plan as at 31 December 2003. Regie des rentes du Quebec, Quebec City, QC

    Google Scholar 

  • Regie des rentes du Quebec (2008) Application for a retirement pension. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from www.rrq. gouv.qc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/40986E1D-BB7D-46D9-9FEA-7E756B5DEc94/0/B001_en.pdf

  • Reinhardt UE (2003) Does the aging of the population really drive the demand for health care? Health Aff 22(6):27–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley R, Kanigan M (1989) Surgical procedures and treatments, 1985–1986. Health Reports 1(2):253–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts A (2003) In the eye of the storm? Societal aging and the future of public-service reform. Public Admin Rev 63(6):720–733

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robine JM, Michel JP (2004) Looking forward to a general theory on population aging. J Gerontol: Med Sci 59A(6):590–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal CJ (1994) Editorial: Long-term care reform and “family” care: A worrisome combination. Can J Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Viellissement 13(4):419–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal CJ (2000) Aging families: Have current changes and challenges been ‘oversold’? In: Gee EM, Gutman GM (eds) The overselling of population aging: Apocalyptic demography, intergenerational challenges, and social policy. Oxford University Press, Don Mills, ON, pp 45–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Rublee DA (1994) Medical technology in Canada, Germany, and the United States: An update. Health Aff 13(4):113–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryder NB (1965) The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. Am Sociol Rev 30:843–861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahyoun N, Pratt LA, Lentzner H, Dey A, Robinson KN (2001) The changing profile of nursing home residents: 1985–1997. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith GE, Kokmen E, O’Brien PC (2000) Risk factors for nursing home placement in a population-based dementia cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc 48(5):519–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Social Development Canada (2005) Canada pension plan. Social Development Canada, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Social Security Administration (1999, July) The future of social security, Pub. No. 05-10055

    Google Scholar 

  • Social Security Administration (2007a) Annual report of the supplemental security income program. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/ssir/SSI07/ssi2007.pdf

  • Social Security Administration (2007b) Understanding supplemental security income (SSI). Retrieved March 27, 2008, from www.ssa.gov/ssi/USSI2007final.pdf

  • Social Security Administration (2008) Retirement benefits. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from www.socialsecurity.gov/pubs/10035.pdf

  • Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees (2008) Status of the social security and medicare programs: A summary of the 2008 annual reports. Retrieved April 23, 2008, from http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/TRSUM/index.html

  • Springstead GR, Wilson TM (2000) Participation in voluntary individual savings accounts: An analysis of IRAs, 401(K)s, and the TSP. Soc Secur Bull 63(1):34–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Spurgeon D (2000) Canada faces nurse shortage. Br Med J 320(7241):1030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada (1999a) Report on the demographic situation in Canada 1998. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved April 3,2008, from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/91-209-XIE/91-209-XIE1999000.pdf

  • Statistics Canada (1999b) Vital statistics compendium 1996. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/84-214-XIE/0009684-214-XIE.pdf

  • Statistics Canada (2002) 2001 Census Analysis Series - Profile of the Canadian population by age and sex: Canada ages. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/age/images/96F0030XIE2001002.pdf

  • Statistics Canada (2003a) Canada’s ethnocultural portrait: The changing mosaic. Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 96f003xie2001008. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada (2003b) Canada’s retirement income programs: Statistical overview (1990–2000). Statistics canada catologue No. 74-507-Xpe. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada (2005) Population projections for Canada, Provinces and Territories 2005–2031. Demography Division, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada (2006a) The Daily, July 21 2006. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/070921/d070921.pdf

  • Statistics Canada (2006b) Report on the demographic situation in Canada 2000. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/91-209-XIE/91-209-XIE2000000.pdf

  • Statistics Canada (2006c) Report on the demographic situation in Canada 2003 and 2004. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved April 2,2008, from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/91-209-XIE/91-209-XIE2003000.pdf

  • Statistics Canada (2006d) Annual demographic estimates: Canada, Provinces and Territories 2005–2006. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada (2007) A portrait of seniors in Canada: 2006. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada (2007a) Portrait of the canadian population in 2006. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/popdwell/index.cfm

  • Statistics Canada (2007b) The Daily, September 21 2007. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON. Retrieved April 2,2008, from http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/060731/d060731.pdf

  • Statistics Canada (2008) Census 2001 standard data products: Topic based tabulations. Retrieved April 5, 2008, from http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/index.cfm

  • Statistics Canada (2008a) Historical statistics of Canada, Section B: Vital Statistics and Health Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http://www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=11-516-X

  • Statistics Canada (2008b) Census 2006 standard data products: Topic based tabulations. Retrieved April 5, 2008, from http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/index.cfm?Temporal=2006andAPATH=3

  • Stone RI, Wiener JM (2001) Who will care for us? Addressing the long-term care workforce crisis. The Urban Institute and the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Strunk BC, Ginsburg PB, Banker MI (2006) The effect of population aging on future hospital demand. Health Aff 25, W141–W149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton R (2000) Population history of North American Indians. In: Haines MR, Steckel RH (eds) A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 9–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Turcotte M, Schellenberg G (2007) A portrait of seniors in Canada: 2006. Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 89-519-Xie2006001. Minister of Industry, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhlenberg P (1996) Mortality decline in the twentieth century and supply of kin over the life course. Gerontologist 36:681–685

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2001) Replacement migration: Is it a solution to declining and ageing populations? Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2007) World population prospects: The 2006 Revision. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Census Bureau (1872a) Ninth census, Volume I: Statistics of the population of the United States. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/ documents/1870a-10.pdf

  • United States Census Bureau (1872b) Ninth Census, Volume II: The vital statistics of the United States. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870b-09.pdf

  • United States Census Bureau (1950) Statistical abstract of the United States 1950. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1950-02.pdf

  • United States Census Bureau (1970) Statistical abstract of the United States 1970. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1970-02.pdf

  • United States Census Bureau (1973) 1970 Census of the Population, Volume 1 Part 1. Retrieved June 8, 2007, from http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_us1-07.pdf

  • United States Census Bureau (1975) Historical statistics of the United States, Colonial times to the present, volume I. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Census Bureau (1988) Statistical abstract of the United States 1988. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1988-02.pdf

  • United States Census Bureau (2000a) National population projections. Retrieved April 11, 2008, from http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/natproj.html

  • United States Census Bureau (2000b) Statistical abstract of the United States 2000. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/statab/sec01.pdf

  • United States Census Bureau (2002) Statistical abstract of the United States 2002. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/02statab/pop.pdf

  • United States Census Bureau (2004a) Interim projections of the US population by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: Summary methodology and assumptions. Retrieved April 11, 2008, from http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/idbsummeth.html

  • United States Census Bureau (2004b) U.S. interim projections by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Retrieved April 11, 2008, from http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj

  • United States Census Bureau (2005) 65+ in the United States: 2005. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Census Bureau (2007) Statistical abstract of the United States 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/07statab/pop.pdf

  • Wachino V, Schneider A, Ku L (2005) Medicaid budget proposals would shift costs to states and be likely to cause reductions in health coverage. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh LS (2000) The African American population of the Colonial United States. In: Haines MR, Steckel RH (eds) A population history of North America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 191–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener JM, Stevenson DG (1998) Long-term care for the elderly: Profiles of thirteen states. The Urban Institute, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiener JM, Tilly J (2002) Population ageing in the United States of America: Implications for public programs. Int J Epidemiol 31(4):776–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology and the Gerontology Center, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Room 3090, 66045-7555, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Tracey A. LaPierre

  2. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Mary Elizabeth Hughes

Authors
  1. Tracey A. LaPierre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mary Elizabeth Hughes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina Hamilton Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3210, CB 3210, USA

    Peter Uhlenberg

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

LaPierre, T.A., Hughes, M.E. (2009). Population Aging in Canada and the United States. In: Uhlenberg, P. (eds) International Handbook of Population Aging. International Handbooks of Population, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8356-3_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation