Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change pp 297–315Cite as

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves in Southeast Asia

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Managing Forest Ecosystems ((MAFE,volume 17))

Mangrove forests are considered to be a unique and complex major component of coastal zones in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. They represent transitional ecosystems where the ocean, land, and freshwater meet. Their main vegetation components are generally evergreen trees or shrubs that grow along coastlines, brackish estuaries or delta habitats. Mangrove habitats are easily recognized as they are located at tideland mud or sand flats inundated daily with sea water. They not only play critical roles in ensuring sustainability of coastal ecosystems, but also in fulfilling important socio-economic benefits to coastal communities.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the potential roles of mangroves in sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. The potential importance of mangroves in the global carbon cycle and in offsetting global climate change is highlighted. Specifically, this chapter describes the distribution and abundance of mangroves, discusses the major ecological and economical roles, and highlights the contribution of mangroves for conservation of biodiversity. In addition, the major threats to these ecosystems and their rates of destruction are also discussed. Finally, the potential of mangrove biomass to offset carbon emission in contributing carbon content stabilization in the atmosphere is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, J.G. (1994). Mangrove ecosystems: Prospects for rehabilitation in the context of biology, economics and politics. Presented at Coastal Zone Canada Conference, September, Halifax, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adeel, Z., Pomeroy, T. (2002). Assessment and management of mangrove ecosystems in developing countries. Trees, 16, 235–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, S., Suratman, M.N. (2007). Detection of changes in mangrove forests using Landsat TM in Pulau Indah, Malaysia. Paper to be presented at the Conference of Forestry and Forest Products (CFFPR 2007), 27–29 November 2007, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aizpuru, M., Achard, F., Blasco, F. (2000). Global assessment of cover change of the mangrove forests using satellite imagery at medium to high resolution. EEC Research Project No. 15017–1999-05 FIED ISP FR–Joint Research Centre, Ispra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aksornkoae, S. (1975). Structure, regeneration and productivity of mangroves in Thailand. Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, MI, 109 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aksornkoae, S., Paphavasit, N., Wattayakorn, G. (1993). Mangroves of Thailand: Present status of conservation, use and management, p. 133–183. In: Clough, B. (Ed.), The economic and environmental values of mangrove forests and their present state of conservation in the south-east Asia/Pacific region. Mangrove Ecosystems Technical Reports. International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alongi, D.M. (1996). The dynamics of benthic nutrient pools and fluxes in tropical mangrove forests. Journal of Marine Research, 54, 123–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi, D.M., Wattayakorn, G., Pfitzner, J., Tirendi, F., Zagorskis, I., Brunskill, G.J., Davidson, A., Clough, B.F. (2001). Organic carbon accumulation and metabolic pathways in soil of mangrove forests in Southern Thailand. Marine Geology, 179, 85–103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi, D.M., Tirendi, F., Clough, B.F. (2003). Below-ground decomposition of organic matter in forests of the mangroves Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina along the arid coast of Western Australia. Aquatic Botany, 68, 2, 97–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi, D.M., Sasekumar, A., Chong, V.C., Pfitzner, J., Trott, L.A., Tirendi, F., Dixon, P., Brunskill, G.J. (2004). Sediment accumulation and organic material flux in a managed mangrove ecosystem: Estimates of land-ocean-atmosphere exchange in Peninsular Malaysia. Marine Geology, 208, 383–402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, E.C., Macintosh, D. (2002). Preliminary assessment of the plant diversity and community ecology of the Semantan mangrove forest, Sarawak, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 166, 111–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandaranayake, W.M. (1998). Traditional and medicinal uses of mangroves. Mangroves and Salt Marshes, 2, 133–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouillon, S., Koedam, M., Raman, A.V., Dehairs, F. (2002). Primary producers sustaining macro-invertebrate communities in intertidal mangrove forests. Oecologia, 130, 441–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camilleri, J.C. (1992). Leaf litter processing by invertebrates in a mangrove forest in Queensland. Marine Biology, 114, 1, 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, H.T., Ong, J.E., Gong, W.K., Sasekumar, A. (1993). The socio-economic, ecological and environmental values of mangrove ecosystems in Malaysia and their present state of conservation. The Economic and environmental values of mangrove forests and their present state of conservation in the South-East Asia/Pacific Region, pp. 41–81. Mangrove Ecosystems Technical Reports Vol. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, R., Twilley, R.R. (1999). A simulation model of organic matter and nutrient accumulation in mangrove wetland soils. Biogeochemistry, 44, 93–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chmura, G.L., Anisfeld, S.C., Cahoon, D.R., Lynch, J.C. (2003). Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, 1111–1120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, B. (1978). Biomass and primary production of Rhizophora apiculata in a mangrove in Southern Thailand. Aquatic Botany, 4, 43–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clough, B.F. (1993). The economic and environmental values of mangrove forests and their present state of conservation in the South-East Asia/Pacific Region. Mangrove Ecosystems Technical Reports Vol.3. ITTO/ISME/JIAM Project PD71/89. Rev. 1(F) Okinawa, Japan, ISME, 202 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clough, B.F., Tan, D.T., Phuong, D.X., Buu, D.C. (2000). Canopy leaf area index and litter fall in stands of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata of different age in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquatic Botany, 66, 311–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danielsen, F., Sørensen, M.K., Olwig, M.F., Selvam, V., Paris F., Burgess, N.D., Hiraishi, T., Karunagaran, V.M., Rasmussen, M.S., Hansen, L.B., Quarto., A., Suryadiputra, N. (2005). The Asian tsunami: A protective role for coastal vegetation. Science, 310, 5748, 643.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, J.W., Coronado-Molina, C., Vera-Herrera, F.R., Twilley, R., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Alvarez-Guillen, H., Day, R., Conner, W. (1996). A 7 year record of aboveground net primary production in a southeastern Mexican mangrove forest. Aquatic Botany, 55, 39–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diop, E.S. (1993). Conservation and sustainable utilization of mangrove forests in Latin America and Africa regions. Part II - Africa, pp. 245–261. Mangrove Ecosystems Technical Reports Vol. 3. ITTO/ISME Project PD114/90. Okinawa, Japan, ISME, 262 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, N.C. (1992). Mangrove floristics and biogeography. In: Robertson, A.I., Alongi, D.M. (Eds.), Tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union Press, Washington, DC, pp. 63–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunfield, P., Knowles, R., Dumont, R., Moore, T.R. (1993). Methane production and consumption in temperate and sub artic peat soils: Response to temperature and pH. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25, 321–326.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmanuel, M., John, E. (2005). Counting the cost. The New Straits Times. 9 January 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1985). Mangrove management in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. FAO Environment Paper, Rome, pp. 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (1994). Mangrove forest management guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper 117, Rome, 319 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2003). FAO’s database on mangrove area estimates. By Wilkie, M.L., Fortuna, S. and Souksavat, O. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper No. 62. Forest Resources Division, FAO, Rome (Unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO/UNEP (1981). Tropical forest resources assessment project, forest resources of Tropical Asia. FAO/UNEP, Rome, 475 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, P., Spalding, M.D. (1993). Protected areas with mangrove habitat. Draft Report World Conservation Centre, Cambridge, 60 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, N. (2005). Singapore not safe from tsunami. The New Straits Times, 15 October 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giani, L., Bashan, Y., Holguin, G., Strangmann, A. (1996). Characteristics and methanogenesis of the Balandra lagoon mangrove soils Baja California Sur, Mexico. Geoderma 72, 146–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, W.K., Ong, J.E. (1990). Plant biomass and nutrient flux in a managed mangrove forest in Malaysia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 31, 519–530.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groombridge, B. (1992). Global biodiversity: Status of the earth’s living resources. WCMC/The National History Museum/IUCN/UNEP/WWF/WRI. Chapman & Hall, London, 594 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, K., Imaya, A., Tabuchi, R., Kuramoto, S., Utsugi, H., Murofushi, T. (1999). Belowground carbon storage of Micronesian mangrove forests. Ecological Research, 14, 409–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golley, F.B., Odum, H.T., Wilson, W.F. (1962). The structure and metabolism of a Puerto Rico mangrove forest in May. Ecology, 43, 9–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, L.S., Snedaker, S.C. (Eds.) (1984). Handbook for mangrove area management. IUCN/UNESCO/UNEP. East-West Centre, Honolulu, HI.

    Google Scholar 

  • ITTO/ISME (1993). Project PD71/89. Rev. 1 (F). International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME), Okinawa, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (2005). Early observations of tsunami effects on mangroves and coastal forests. The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Retrieved 5 June 2007, from: http://www.iucn.org/info_and_news/press/water-wetlands-statement.pdf.

  • Janssen, R., Padilla, J.E. (1999). Preservation or conversion: Valuation and evaluation of a mangrove forest in the Philippines. Environmental and Resource Economics, 14, 3, 297–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennerjahn, T.C., Ittekkot, V. (2002) Relevance of mangroves for the production and deposition of organic matter along tropical continental margins. Naturwissenschaften, 89, 23–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komiyama, A., Havanond S., Srisawatt, W., Mochida, Y., Fujimoto, K., Ohnishi, T., Ishihara, S., Miyagi, T. (2000). Top/root biomass ratio of a secondary Ceriops tagal (Perr) C.B. Rob. Forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 139, 127–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen, E., Holmer, M., Banta, G.T., Jensen, M.H., Hansen, K. (1995). Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycling in sediments of the Au Nam Bor mangrove forests, Phuket, Thailand: A review. Phuket Marine Biological Centre Research Bulletin, 60, 37–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupadam, R.J., Ahuja, R., Wate, R.W., Anjaneyulu, Y. (2007). Forest bound estuaries are higher methane emitters than paddy fields: A case study of Godavari estuary, East Coast of India. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 4819–4827.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacerda, L.D. (1993). Conservation and sustainable utilization of mangrove forests in Latin America and Africa regions. Vol. 2, Part I - Latin America. Mangrove Ecosystems technical reports ITTO/ISME Project PD114/90 (F). Okinawa, Japan, 272 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lekphet, S., Nitisoravut, S., Adsavakulchai, S. (2005). Estimating methane emissions from mangrove area in Ranong Province, Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 27, 1, 153–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Mer, J., Roger, P.A. (2001). Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soils: A review. European Journal of Soil Biology, 37, 25–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindau, C.W., Bollich, P.K., DeLaune, R.D., Mosier, A.R., Bronton, K.F. (1993). Methane mitigation in flooded Louisiana rice fields. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 15, 174–178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, C., Lin, P. (1990). Studies on litterfall and decomposition of Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir, community on Hainan Island. China Bulletin of Marine Science 47, 1, 139–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lugo, A.E. (1990). Fringe wetlands. In: Lugo, A.E., Brinson, M., Brown, S. (Eds.), Forested wetlands: Ecosystems of the world 15. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 143–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyimo, T.J., Pol, A., Camp, H.J.M. (2002). Methane emission, sulphide concentration and redox potential profiles in Mtoni mangrove sediment, Tanzania. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 1, 1, 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey, A.P., Smail, G. (1996). Spatial and temporal variation in litter fall of Avicennia marina (Forssk) Vierh. in the Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. Aquatic Botany, 133–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackinnon, J. (Ed.) (1997). Protected areas systems review of the Indo-Malayan realm. Asian Bureau for Conservation, Canterbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre, I.G., Toscano, M.A., Lighty, R.G., Bond, G.B. (2004). Holocene history of the mangrove islands of Twin Cays, Belize, Central America. Atoll Research Bulletin, 510, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, N. (1994). Mangrove conservation in relation to overall environmental considerations. Hydrobiologia, 285, 303–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MOSTI (2003). Wetlands: Conservation and wise use. Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, Malaysia, 60 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, W.E., McIvor, C.C., Smith, T.J. (1982). The ecology of the mangroves of south Florida: A community profile. FWS/OBS-81/24. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, J.E., Gong, W.K., Wong, C.H., Dhanarajan (1979). Productivity of a managed mangrove forest in West Malaysia. Paper presented at International Conference on Trends in Applied Biology in S.E. Asia. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, J.E., Gong, W.K., Clough, B.F. (1995). Structure and productivity of a 20-year-old stand of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove forest. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 417–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Othman, M.A. (1994). Value of mangroves in coastal protection. Hydrobiologia, 285, 277–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poovachiranon, S., Tantichodok, P. (1991). The role of sesarmid crabs in the mineralization of leaf litter of Rhizophora apiculata in a mangrove, Southern Thailand. Research Bulletin of Phuket Marine Biological Centre, 56, 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Primavera, J.H. (1995). Mangroves and brackishwater pond culture in the Philippines. Hydrobiologia, 295, 303–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purvaja, G.R., Ramesh, R. (2001). Natural and anthropogenic methane emission from coastal wetlands of South India. Environment Management, 27, 547–557.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putz, F.E., Chan, H.T. (1986). Tree growth, dynamics, and productivity in a mature mangrove forest in Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 17, 211–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, A.I., Alongi, D.M., Boto, K.G. (1992). Food chains and carbon fluxes. In: Robertson, A.I., Alongi, D.M. (Eds.), Tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 293–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roderstein, M., Hertel, D., Leuschner, C. (2005). Above-and below-ground litter production in three tropical montane forests in southern Ecuador. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 21, 483–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruitenbeek, H.J. (1992). Mangrove management: An economic analysis of management options with a focus on Bintuni Bay, Irian Jaya. EMDI Environmental Report 8, Environmental Management Development in Indonesia Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenger, P., Hegerl E.J., Davie, J.D.S. (1983). Global status of mangrove ecosystems. Commission on Ecology Papers No. 3. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 88 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasekumar, A., Chong, V.E., Singh, H. (1994). The physical and chemical characteristics of the Matang mangrove waters. Proceedings of the 3rd ASEAN-Australia Symposium on Living Coastal Resources, 2, 446–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi, N.A. (1993). The importance of mangroves to people in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. In: Proceedings of the VII Pacific Science Inter-Congress Mangrove Session. Okinawa, 1 July 1993, pp. 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.L., Smith, T.M. (2003). Elements of ecology, 6th Edition. Benjamin Cummings, Belmont, CA, 682 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snedaker, S.C. (1978). Mangroves: Their value and perpetuation. Nature and Resources, 14, 3, 6–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sotomayor, D., Corredor, J.E., Morell, J.M. (1994). Methane and emission from mangrove soil along the southeastern coast of Puerto Rico. Estuaries, 17, 140–147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spalding, M.D., Blasco, F., Field, C.D. (Eds.) (1997). World mangrove atlas. The International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan, 178 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukardjo, S., Yamada, I. (1992). Biomass and productivity of a Rhizophora mucronata Lamarck plantation in Tritith, Central Java, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management, 49, 3–4, 195–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suthawan, S. (1999). Economic valuation of mangroves and the roles of local communities in the conservation of natural resources: Case study of Surat Thani, South of Thailand. EEPSEA (Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia) Research Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabuchi, R. (2003). The rehabilitation of mangroves in Southeast Asia. Retrieved 1 June 2007, from http://www.unu.edu/env/plec/marginal/proceedings/TabuchiCH12.pdf.

  • Tam, N.F.Y., Vrijmoed, L.L.P., Wong, Y.S. (1990). Nutrient dynamics associated with leaf decomposition in a small subtropical mangrove community in Hongkong. Bulletin of Marine Science 47, 1, 68–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, P.B. (1986). The botany of mangroves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 419 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twilley, R.R. (1982). Litter dynamics and organic exchange in black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) basin forest in southwest Florida estuary. Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twilley, R.R., Chen, R.H., Hargis, T. (1992). Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 64, 265–288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2002). Global distribution of coral, mangrove and sea grass diversity. Retrieved 26 May 2007, from: http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/distribution_of_coral_mangrov e_and_seagrass_ diversity.

  • Valiela, I., Brown, J.L., York, J.K. (2001). Mangrove forests: One of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. BioScience, 51, 10, 807–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Santen, P., Augustinus, P.G.E.F., Janssen-Stelder, B.M., Quartel, S., Tri, N.H. (2007). Sedimentation in an estuarine mangrove system. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29, 4, 566–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wafar, S., Untawale, A.G., Wafar, M. (1997). Litter fall and energy flux in a mangrove ecosystem. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf. Science, 44, 111–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z.P., Delaune, R.D., Patrick, W.H., Jr., Masscheleyn, P.H. (1993). Soil redox and pH effects on methane production in a flooded rice soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 57, 386–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woitchik, A.F., Ohawa, B., Kazungu, J.M., Rao, R.G., Goeyens, L., Dehairs, F. (1997). Nitrogen enrichment during decomposition of mangrove litter in an east African coastal lagoon (Kenya): Relative importance of biological nitrogen fixation. Biogeochemistry, 39, 15–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodroffe, C.D. (1992). Mangrove sediments and geomorphology. In: Alongi, D., Robertson, A. (Eds.), Tropical mangrove ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Coastal and Estuarine Studies, pp. 7–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Resources Institute (2000). World resources 2000–2001. People and ecosystems: The fraying web of life. Elsevier Science, 389 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuebbles, D.J., Hayhoe, K. (2002). Atmospheric methane and global change. Earth-Science Review, 57, 117–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Malaysia

    Mohd Nazip Suratman

Authors
  1. Mohd Nazip Suratman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain

    Felipe Bravo

  2. Research and Training Centre for Forest, Landscape and Natural Hazards (BFW), Vienna, Austria

    Robert Jandl

  3. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Valerie LeMay

  4. Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany

    Klaus von Gadow

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Suratman, M.N. (2008). Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves in Southeast Asia. In: Bravo, F., Jandl, R., LeMay, V., von Gadow, K. (eds) Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change. Managing Forest Ecosystems, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8343-3_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation