A subsurface vertical up-flow followed by down-flow constructed wetland system was used to treat anaerobic digester effluent from pig-farm wastewater. The system consists of two beds connected in series and have equal size of 1.2 × 1.2 × 0.6 m (W × L × D). The first bed was planted with Typha angustifolia and the second bed was planted with Cyperus alternifolius L. The wastewater with NH3-N and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of approximately 300 mg l–1 was fed to the first bed which performed as a vertical up-flow bed and then passed to the second vertical down-flow bed and recirculated to the first bed with the recycle ratio of 1:1 to enhance nitrogen removal. The system was operated with the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm day–1 including recycled water to evaluate the capability of the system under high HLR. The results showed that the removal efficiencies of N and COD decreased when the system operated with higher HLR. The removal efficiency for NH3-N and COD was maximum at 10 cm day–1 (79 and 74% respectively). Nitrification was significant in vertical down-flow bed, denitrification in the up-flow bed at every HLR. The two-stage constructed wetland removed 96–98% of incoming total suspended solids (TSS) and the removal was not affected by high HLR. The removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) was low (24–27%) at all HLR.
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Kantawanichkul, S., Pingkul, K., Araki, H. (2008). Nitrogen Removal by a Combined Subsurface Vertical Down-Flow and Up-Flow Constructed Wetland System. In: Vymazal, J. (eds) Wastewater Treatment, Plant Dynamics and Management in Constructed and Natural Wetlands. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8235-1_14
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