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Life strategy, ecophysiology and ecology of seaweeds in polar waters

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Book cover Life in Extreme Environments

Abstract

Polar seaweeds are strongly adapted to the low temperatures of their environment, Antarctic species more strongly than Arctic species due to the longer cold water history of the Antarctic region. By reason of the strong isolation of the Southern Ocean the Antarctic marine flora is characterized by a high degree of endemism, whereas in the Arctic only few endemic species have been found so far. All polar species are strongly shade adapted and their phenology is finely tuned to the strong seasonal changes of the light conditions. The paper summarises the present knowledge of seaweeds from both polar regions with regard to the following topics: the history of seaweed research in polar regions; the environment of seaweeds in polar waters; biodiversity, biogeographical relationships and vertical distribution of Arctic and Antarctic seaweeds; life histories and physiological thallus anatomy; temperature demands and geographical distribution; light demands and depth zonation; the effect of salinity, temperature and desiccation on supra-and eulittoral seaweeds; seasonality of reproduction and the physiological characteristics of microscopic developmental stages; seasonal growth and photosynthesis; elemental and nutritional contents and chemical and physical defences against herbivory. We present evidence to show that specific characteristics and adaptations in polar seaweeds help to explain their ecological success under environmentally extreme conditions. In conclusion, as a perspective and guide for future research we draw attention to many remaining gaps in knowledge.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremerhaven, Germany

    C. Wiencke & U. H. Lüder

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, P.O Box 18, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia

    M. N. Clayton

  3. Instituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile

    I. Gómez

  4. Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, O’Neill Bldg., Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA

    K. Iken

  5. Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1170, USA

    C. D. Amsler

  6. Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051, Rostock, Germany

    U. Karsten

  7. Biocenter Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorst-Str. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany

    D. Hanelt

  8. Institute for Polar Ecology, University of Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1–3, D-24148, Kiel, Germany

    K. Bischof

  9. Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA

    K. Dunton

Authors
  1. C. Wiencke
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  2. M. N. Clayton
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  3. I. Gómez
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  4. K. Iken
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  5. U. H. Lüder
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  6. C. D. Amsler
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  7. U. Karsten
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  8. D. Hanelt
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  9. K. Bischof
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  10. K. Dunton
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Wiencke .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Biología Molecular del CSIC, Madrid, Spain

    Ricardo Amils

  2. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom

    Cynan Ellis-Evans

  3. Institute of Physiology, Medical University, Graz, Austria

    Helmut Hinghofer-Szalkay

Additional information

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Gunter O. Kirst and to Prof. Dr. Klaus Lüning on occasion of their retirement 28. Februar 2006 and 31. March 2006, respectively.

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Wiencke, C. et al. (2006). Life strategy, ecophysiology and ecology of seaweeds in polar waters. In: Amils, R., Ellis-Evans, C., Hinghofer-Szalkay, H. (eds) Life in Extreme Environments. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6285-8_13

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