Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abutalebi J., Cappa S. F., and Perani D. 2005. Functional neuroimaging of the bilingual brain. In Kroll, J. F., and De Groot, A. M. B. (eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches. New York: Oxford University Press. 497–515.
Altarriba, J., and Mathis, K. M. 1997. Conceptual and lexical development in second language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language, 36: 550–568.
Balota, D. A. 1994. Visual word recognition: the journey from features to meaning. In Gernsbacher, M. (ed.), Handbook of Psycholinguistics. New York: Academic Press. 303–358.
Bialystok, E. 1988. Levels of bilinguals and levels of linguistic awareness. Developmental Psychology, 24: 560–567.
Bialystok, E., and Codd, J. 1997. Cardinal limits evidence from language awareness and bilingualism for developing concepts of number. Cognitive Development, 12: 85–106.
Bialystok, E. 1999. Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind. Child Development, 70: 636–644.
Bialystok, E., and Martin, M. M. 2004. Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: evidence from the dimensional change card sort task. Developmental Science,7: 325–339.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., and Viswanathan, M. 2004. Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: evidence from the Simon Task. Psychology and Aging, 19: 290–303.
Bialystok, E. 2005. Consequences of bilingualism for cognitive development. In Kroll, J. F., and De Groot, A. M. B. (eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches. New York: Oxford University Press. 417–432.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Grady, C., Chau, W., Ishii, R., Gunji, A., and Pantev, C. 2005. Effect of bilingualism on cognitive control in the Simon task: evidence from MEG. Neuroimage, 24: 40–49.
Birdsong, D. 1999. Introduction: whys and why nots of the critical period hypothesis. In Birdsong, D. (ed.), Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.1–22.
Chen, H.-C., and Leung, Y.-S. 1989. Patterns of lexical processing in a nonnative language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15: 316–325.
Costa, A., Miozzo, M., Caramazza, A. 1999. Lexical selection in bilinguals: do words in the bilingual’s two lexicons compete for selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41: 365–397.
Costa, A., and Santesteban, M. 2004. Lexical access in bilingual speech production: evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 50: 491–511.
De Bruijn, E. R.A., Dijkstra, T., Chwilla, D. J., and Schriefers, H. J. 2001. Language context effects on interlingual homograph recognition: evidence from event-related potentials and response times in semantic priming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4: 155–168.
De Groot, A. M. B. 1992. Determinants of word translation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18: 1001–1018.
De Groot, A. M. B., and Poot, R. 1997. Word translation at three levels of proficiency in a second language: the ubiquitous involvement of conceptual memory. Language Learning, 47: 215–264.
DeKeyser, R. M. 2001. Automaticity and automatization. In Robinson, P. (ed.), Cognition and second language instruction. New York: Cambridge University Press. 125–151.
Dijkstra, A., and Van Heuven, W. J. B. 1998. The BIA model and bilingual word recognition. In Grainger, J., and Jacobs, A. M. (eds.), Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 189–225.
Dijkstra, A., Van Jaarsveld, H., and Ten Brinke, S. 1998. Interlingual homograph recognition: effects of task demands and language intermixing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1: 51–66.
Dijkstra, T., De Bruijn, E., Schriefers, H., and Brinke, S. T. 2000. More on interlingual homograph recognition: Language intermixing versus explicitness of instruction. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3: 69–78.
Dijkstra, A., and Van Heuven, W. J. B. 2002. The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: from identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5: 175–197.
Dijkstra, T. 2005. Bilingual word recognition and lexical access. In Kroll, J. F., and De Groot, A. M. B. (eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: psycholinguistic approaches. New York: Oxford University Press. 179–201.
Dufour, R., and Kroll, J. F. 1995. Matching words to concepts in two languages: a test of the concept mediation model of bilingual representation. Memory & Cognition, 23: 166–180.
Flege, J. 1987. The production of “new” and “similar” phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effects of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15: 47–65.
Flege, J., Mono, M., and MacKay, I. 1995. The effect of age of second language learning on the production of English consonants. Speech Communication 16: 1–26.
Flege, J. E. 2003. Assessing constraints on second-language segmental production and perception. In Meyer, A., and Schiller, N. (eds.), Phonetics and phonology in language comprehension and production, differences and similarities. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 319–355.
Freed, B. 1995. Second Language Acquisition in a study abroad context. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Frenck-Mestre, C., and Prince, P. 1997. Second language autonomy. Journal of Memory and Language, 37: 481–501.
Friedman, N. P., and Miyake, A. 2004. The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: Alatent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133: 101–135.
Gollan, T. H., and Silverberg, N. B. 2001. Tip-of-the-tongue states in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4: 63–83.
Gollan, T. H., and Acenas, L. A. 2004. What is a TOT?: Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish-English and Tagalog-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 30: 246–269.
Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Fennema-Notestine, C., and Morris, S. K. 2005. Bilingualism affects picture naming but not picture classification. Memory & Cognition, 33: 1220–1234.
Green, D. W. 1998. Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1: 67–81.
Grosjean, F. 2001. The bilingual’s language modes. In Nicol, J. L. (ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 49–71.
Hasegawa, M., Carpenter, P. A., and Just, M. A. 2002. An fMRI study of bilingual sentence comprehension and workload. NeuroImage, 15: 647–660.
Hermans, D., Bongaerts, T., De Bot, K., and Schreuder, R. 1998. Producing words in a foreign language: Can speakers prevent interference from their first language? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1: 213–229.
Jared, D. and Kroll, J. F. 2001. Do bilinguals activate phonological representations in one or both of their languages when naming words? Journal of Memory and Language, 44: 2–31.
Jared, D., and Szucs, C. 2002. Phonological activation in bilinguals: Evidence from interlingual homograph naming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5: 225–239.
Johnson, J. S., and Newport, E. 1989. Critical period effects in second language learning: the influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21: 60–99.
Kahneman, D. 1973. Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S., and Wodniecka, Z. in press. Language selectivity is the exception, not the rule: arguments against a fixed locus of language selection in bilingual speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.
Kroll, J. F., and Curley, J. 1988. Lexical memory in novice bilinguals: the role of concepts in retrieving second language words. In Gruneberg, M., Morris, P., and Sykes, R. (eds.), Practical aspects of memory Vol. 2. London: John Wiley & Sons. 389–395.
Kroll, J. F., Dijkstra, A., Janssen, N., and Schriefers, H. in preparation. Selecting the language in which to speak: Cued-picture naming experiments on lexical access in bilingual production.
Kroll, J. F., and Stewart, E. 1994. Category interference in translation and picture naming: evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33: 149–174.
Kroll, J. F., Michael, E., Tokowicz, N., and Dufour, R. 2002. The development of lexical fluency in a second language. Second Language Research, 18: 137–171.
Kroll, J. F., Sumutka, B. M., and Schwartz, A. I. 2005. A cognitive view of the bilingual lexicon: reading and speaking words in two languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 9: 27–48.
Linck, J. A., and Kroll, J. F. 2005. Language processing during study abroad: evidence for increased inhibitory control. Paper presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Bilingualism, Barcelona, Spain.
Logan, G. D. 1988. Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95: 492–527.
MacWhinney, B. 1997. Second language acquisition and the competition model. In De Groot, A. M. B., and Kroll, J. F. (eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: psycholinguistic perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers. 113–142.
Marian, V., and Spivey, M. J. 2003. Competing activation in bilingual language processing: within- and between-language competition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6: 97–115.
McClelland, J. L., and Rumelhart, D. E. 1981. An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception, Part 1: An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88: 375–405.
McLaughlin, J., Osterhout, L., and Kim, A. 2004. Neural correlates of second-language word learning: minimal instruction produces rapid change. Nature Neuroscience, 7: 703–704.
Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O’Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S. K., and Price, C. J. 2004. Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: proficiency in a second language and age at acquisition affect grey-matter density. Nature, 431: 757.
Meuter and Allport 1999. Bilingual Language Switching in Naming: Asymmetrical Costs of Language Selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40: 25–40.
Michael, E., Dijkstra, T., and Kroll, J. F. in preparation. Individual differences in working memory and bilingual control processes.
Miyake, A., and Friedman, N. P. 1998. Individual differences in second language proficiency: The role of working memory. In Healy, A. F., and Bourne, L. E. Jr. (eds.), Foreign language learning: Psycholinguistic studies on training and retention. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 339–364.
Pienemann, M. 1998. Language processing and second language development: processability theory. Benjamins: Amsterdam.
Potter, M. C., So, K.-F., Von Eckardt, B., and Feldman, L. B. 1984. Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and more proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23: 23–38.
Rogers, R. D., and Monsell, S. 1995. Cost of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: general, 124: 207–231.
Schneider, W., and Shiffrin, R. M. 1977. Controlled and automatic human information processing: 1. Detection, search and attention. Psychological Review, 84: 1–66.
Schwartz, A. I., and Kroll, J. F. in press. Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language.
Schwartz, A. I., Kroll, J. F., and Diaz, M. in press. Reading words in Spanish and English: mapping orthography to phonology in two languages. Language and Cognitive Processes.
Segalowitz, N., and Freed, B. F. 2004. Context, contact, and cognition in oral fluency acquisition: learning Spanish in at home and study abroad contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26: 173–199.
Segalowitz, N., and Hulstijn, J. 2005. Automaticity in bilingualism and second language learning. In Kroll, J. F., and De Groot, A. M. B. (eds.), Handbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches, 371–388.
Segalowitz, N. S., and Segalowitz, S. J. 1993. Skilled performance, practice, and the differentiation of speed-up from automatization effects: evidence from second language word recognition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 14: 369–385.
Segalowitz, S. J., Segalowitz, N. S., and Wood, A. G. 1998. Assessing the development of automaticity in second language word recognition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19: 53–67.
Simon, J. R., and Rudell, A. P. 1967. Auditory S-R compatibility: the effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51: 300–304.
Sunderman, G., and Kroll, J. F. in press. First language activation during second language lexical processing: An investigation of lexical form, meaning, and grammatical class. Studies in Second Language Acquisition.
Talamas, A., Kroll, J. F., and Dufour, R. 1999. Form related errors in second language learning: A preliminary stage in the acquisition of L2 vocabulary. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2: 45–58.
Tokowicz, N., Michael, E., and Kroll, J. F. 2004. The roles of study abroad experience and working memory capacity in the types of errors made during translation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7: 255–272.
Turner, M. L., and Engle, R. W. 1989. Is working memory capacity task dependent? Journal of Memory and Language, 28: 127–154.
Ullman, M. T. 2004. Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92: 231–270.
Van Hell, J. G., and Dijkstra, A. 2002. Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9: 780–789.
Van Heuven, W. J. B., Dijkstra, T., and Grainger, J. 1998. Orthographic neighborhood effects in bilingual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 39: 458–483.
Von Studnitz, R. E., and Green, D. 2002. Interlingual homograph interference in German-English bilinguals: its modulation and locus of control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5: 1–23.
Weber-Fox, C. M., and Neville, H. J. 1996. Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing: ERP and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8: 231–256.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kroll, J.F., Linck, J.A. (2007). Representation and Skill in Second Language Learners and Proficient Bilinguals. In: Kecskes, I., Albertazzi, L. (eds) Cognitive Aspects of Bilingualism. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5935-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5935-3_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-5934-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-5935-3
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)