Skip to main content

Abstract

Grasses are the dominant vegetation in many environments which vary in size and composition from the great prairies to manicured golf courses, bowling greens, and lawns around our homes. Natural grasslands cover millions of hectares throughout the world, providing sustenance for vast numbers of wildlife. Grasslands, improved by sowing and managing desirable species, support livestock industries around the world. Hard-wearing grass species are used to create recreational spaces in the urban environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alm, S. R., Villani, M. G., Yeh, T., and Shutter, R. 1997. Bacillus thuringiensis japonensis strain Buibui for control of Japanese and oriental beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 32, 477–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, B. I. P., van Toor, R. F., Ferguson, C. M., and Stewart, K. M. 1990. “Grass grub and porina in Otago and Southland: a guide to management and control.” Tablet, Dunedin, N. Z.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard J. B., and Green, R. L. 1994. The role of turfgrass in environmental protection and their benefits to humans. J. Environ. Quality 23, 452–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bondaz, F. and Valet, S. 1996. Essai d’epandage a la vol de graines enrobees de Beauveria brongniartii instauration et penetration dans le sol. IOBC/wprs Bulletin (Bulletin OILB/srop) 19, 65–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, R. H. and Klein, M. G. 1997. Mortality induced by Bacillus popilliae in Cyclocephala parallela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) held under simulated filed conditions. Fla. Entomol. 80, 261–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, P. P. and Mack, T. P. 1989. A rating system for evaluating tawny mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, damage (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). J. Entomol Sci. 24, 142–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danneberger, T. K. 1993. “Turfgrass Ecology and Management,” Franzak and Foster, G. I. E., Cleveland, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delfosse, E. S. 1993. “Pests of Pastures. Weed, Invertebrate and Disease Pests of Australian Sheep Pastures.” CSIRO Entomology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutky, S. R. 1941. Testing the possible value of milky disease for control of soil-inhabiting larvae. J. Econ Entomol. 34, 217–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmons, R. D. 2000. “Turfgrass Science and Management.” 3rd ed. Delmar, Albany, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgis, R., Koppenhöfer, A. M., Lacey, L. A., Bélair, G., Duncan, L. W., Grewal, P. S., Samish, M., Tan, L., Torr, P., and van Tol, R., W. H. M 2006. Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control. Biol. Control 38, 103–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goettel, M. S. and Inglis, G. D. 1997. Fungi: Hyphomycetes. In “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology” (L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 213–249. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goldson, S. L., Frampton, E. R., Barrett, B. I. P., and Ferguson, C. M. 1984. Seasonal biology of Sitona discoideus Gyllenhall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and introduced pest of New Zealand lucerne. Bull. Entomol. Res. 74, 249–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldson S. L. and Proffitt J. R. 1991. Use of an electric blanket for winter field collection of Argentine stem weevil, Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). N. Z. Entomol. 14, 44–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grewal, P. S. and Georgis, R. 1998. Entomopathogenic nematodes. In “Methods in Biotechnology, Vol. 5: Biopesticides: Use and Delivery.” (F. R. Hall and J. J. Menn, Eds.), pp. 271–299. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grewal. P. S., Koppenhöfer, A. M., Choo, H. Y. 2005. Lawn, turfgrass, and pasture applications. In “Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents.” (P. S. Grewal, R.-U. Ehlers, and D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, Eds.), pp 115–146. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. A. 1992. Scarabs -pests of the past or future? In “Use of Pathogens in Scarab Pest Management.” (T. A. Jackson and T. R. Glare, Eds.), pp. 1–10. Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. A. 1996. Soil dwelling pests – is specificity the key to successful microbial control? In “Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Microbial Control of Soil Dwelling Pests.” (T. A. Jackson and T. R. Glare, Eds.), pp. 1–6. AgResearch. Lincoln, NZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. A., Broad, T. M., O’Callaghan, M., and Martin, G. 1989. Development of a subsurface application system for Serratia entomophila for control of grass grub in pasture. Proc. 5th Australasian Conf. Grassland Invertebr. Ecol. pp. 63–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. A. and Glare, T. R. 1992. “Use of Pathogens in Scarab Pest Management.” Intercept, Andover, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. A., Pearson, J. F., O’Callaghan, M. O., Mahanty, H. K., and Willocks, M. J. 1992. Pathogen to product-development of Serratia entomophila (Enterobacteriaceae) as a commercial biological control agent for the New Zealand Grass grub (Costelytra zealandica). In “Use of Pathogens in Scarab Pest Management.” (T. A. Jackson and T. R. Glare, Eds.), pp. 191–198. Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. A., Huger, A. M., and Glare T. R. 1993. Pathology of amber disease in the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 61, 123–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. A. and O’Callahan, M. 1997. Environmental competence – an essential characteristic of successful microbial control agents for soil-dwelling pests. In “Soil Invertebrates in 1997.” (P. G. Allsopp, D. J. Rogers, and L. N. Robertson, Eds.), pp. 74–77. BSES, Brisbane, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, T. A., Townsend, T. R., Nelson, T. L., Richards, N. K., and Glare, T. R. 1997. Estimating amber disease in grass grub populations by visual assessment and DNA colony blot analysis. Proc. 50th N. Z. Plant Protection Conf., pp. 165–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kain W. M. and Young, J. 1975. Population studies of Costelytra zealandica (White). I. A soil sampler suitable for sampling pasture land. N. Z. J. Exp. Agric. 3, 177–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kain W. M. and Atkinson, D. M. 1976. Population studies of Costelytra zealandica (White). II. A rapid mechanical extraction method suitable for intensive sampling of Costelytra zealandica and other scarabaeids. N. Z. J. Exp. Agric. 4, 391–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaya, H. K., Klein, M. G., Burlando, T. M., Harrison, R. E., and Lacey, L. A. 1992. Prevalence of two Bacillus popilliae Dutky morphotypes and blue disease in Cyclocephala hirta LeConte (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) populations in California. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 68, 38–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, S. 1978. Infektionsversuche mit dem Pliz Beauveria tenella an adulten Maikafern (Melolontha melolontha L.). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Suisse. 51, 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, S., Keller, E., and Ramser, E. 1979. Ergebnisse eines Versuches zur mikrobiologischen Bekampfung des Maikafern (Melolontha melolontha L.) mit dem Pliz Beauveria tenella. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Suisse. 52, 35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M. G. 1993. Biological control of scarabs with entomopathogenic nematodes. In “Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insects.” (R. Bedding, R. Akhurst and H. Kaya, Eds.), pp. 49–57. CSRIO, East Melbourne, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M. G. 1995. Microbial control of turfgrass insects. In “Handbook of Turfgrass Insect Pests.” (R. L. Brandenburg and M. G. Villani, Eds.), pp. 95–100. Entomol. Soc. Am., Lanham, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M. G. 1997. Bacteria of soil-inhabiting insects. In “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology” (L. A. Lacey, Ed.), pp. 101–116. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M. G. and Edwards, D. C. 1989. Captures of Popillia lewisi (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and other scarabs on Okinawa with Japanese beetle lures. J. Econ Entomol. 82, 101–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M. G. and R. Georgis. 1992. Persistence of control of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae with steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes. J. Econ. Entomol. 85, 727–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koppenhöfer, A. M. and Fuzy, E. M. 2004. Effect of white grub developmental stage on susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes. J. Econ. Entomol. 97, 1842–1849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koppenhöfer, A. M., Fuzy E. M., Crocker R., Gelernter W., and Polavarapu S. 2004. Pathogenicity of Steinernema scarabaei, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and S. glaseri to twelve white grub species. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 14, 87–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koppenhöfer, A. M., and Grewal, P. S. 2005. Compatibility and interactions with agrochemicals and other biocontrol agents. In “Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents.” (P. S. Grewal, R.-U. Ehlers, and D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, Eds.), pp 363–381. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK,.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Koppenhöfer, A. M., Grewal, P. S., and Fuzy, A. M. 2006. Virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. zealandica, and Steinernema scarabaei against five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of economic importance in turfgrass in North America. Biol. Control 38, 397–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, K. O. 1982. A linear pitfall trap for mole cricket and other soil arthropods. Fla. Entomol. 65, 376–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metting, F. B. 1993. Structure and physiological ecology of soil microbial communities. In “Soil Microbial Ecology.” (F. B. Metting, Ed.), pp. 3–25. Marcel Decker Inc., New York. NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemczyk, H. D., and Shetlar, D. J. 2000. “Destructive Turf Insects,” HDN Book, Wooster, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Callaghan, M. and Jackson, T. A. 1993. Isolation and enumeration of Serratia entomophila – a bacterial pathogen of the New Zealand grass grub, Costelytra zealandica. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75, 307–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkman, J. P., Hudson, W. G., Frank, J. H., Nguyen, K. B., and Smart, G. C., Jr. 1993. Establishment and persistence of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in field populations of Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 28, 182–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkman, J. P. and Smart, G. C. Jr. 1996. Entomopathogenic nematodes, a case study: introduction of Steinernema scapterisci in Florida. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 6, 413–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, D. A. 1998. “Destructive Turfgrass Insects: Biology, Diagnosis, and Control.” Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rath, A. C., Worledge, D., Koen, T. B., and Rowe, B. A. 1995. Long-term field efficacy of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against the subterranean scarab, Adoryphorus couloni. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 5, 439–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, M. R. 1995. Metarhizium anisopliae for soil pest control. In “Biorational Pest Control Agents.” (F. R. Hall and J. W. Barry, Eds.) pp. 183–196. ACS Symposium Series 595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Gouge, D. H., Koppenhöfer, A. M. 2002. Factors affecting commercial success: case studies in cotton, turf and citrus. In “Entomopathogenic Nematology.” (R. Gaugler. Ed.), pp. 333–355. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Gouge, D. H., Piggott, S. J., and Fife, J. P. 2006. Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Biol. Control 38, 124–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smits, P. H., Vlug, H. J., and Wiegers, G. L. 1993. Biological control of leatherjackets with Bacillus thuringiensis. Proc. Exp. Appl Entomol., N. E. V. Amsterdam 4, 187–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bezooijen, J. 1999. Nematode extraction. In “EUR – Cost 819 – Entomopathogenic nematodes Application and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes” (R. L Gwynn, P. H. Smits, C. Griffin, R.-U. Ehlers, N. Boemare, and J.-P. Masson, Eds.) pp. 61–72. European Commission, Luxembourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vittum, P. J., Villani, M. G., and Tashiro, H. 1999. “Turfgrass Insects of the United States and Canada.” Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlug, H. J. and Paul, H. 1986. Sampling leatherjackets. Med Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent 51, 939–942.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. J., Peters, A., Schroer, S., and Fife, J. P. 2005. Application technology. In “Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents.” (P. S. Grewal, R.-U. Ehlers, and D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, Eds.), pp 91–106. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Klein, M.G., Grewal, P.S., Jackson, T.A., Koppenhöfer, A.M. (2007). Lawn, turf and grassland pests. In: Lacey, L.A., Kaya, H.K. (eds) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5933-9_32

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics