Abstract
In looking at gender differences in educational outcomes, it is important to distinguish between three sets of outcomes: (i) educational participation and attainment, that is, how far young women and men go within the educational system; (ii) educational achievement, that is, how well young men and women perform (for example, in terms of grades) at a given level of the educational system; and (iii) field of study, that is, the type of course taken within the educational system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arnot, M. (2002). Reproducing Gender? London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Arnot, M., David, M. and Weiner, G. (1999). Closing the Gender Gap. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Arnot, M. and Miles, P. (2005). A reconstruction of the gender agenda: The contradictory gender dimensions in New Labour’s educational and economic policy. Oxford Review of Education, 31 (1), 173-189.
Askew, S. and Ross, C. (1988). Boys Don’t Cry: Boys and Sexism in Education. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Ayalon, H. (1995). Math as a gatekeeper: Ethnic and gender inequality in course-taking of the sciences in Israel. American Journal of Education, 104, 34-56.
Baker, D.P. and Jones, D.P. (1993). Creating gender equality: Cross-national gender stratification and mathematical performance. Sociology of Education, 66 (2), 91-103.
Bleach, K. (Ed.). (1998). Raising Boys’ Achievement in Schools. Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books.
Bowles, S. and Gintis, H. (1976). Schooling in Capitalist America. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Bradley, K. (2000). The incorporation of women into higher education: Paradoxical outcomes? Sociology of Education, 73, 1-18.
Bryk, A.S., Lee, V.E., & Holland, P.B. (1993). Catholic Schools and the Common Good. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Buchmann, M., & Charles, M. (1995). Organisational and institutional factors in the process of gender stratification: Comparing social arrangements in six European countries. International Journal of Sociology, 25, 66-95.
Burgess, S., McConnell, B., Propper, C., & Wilson, D. (2004). Girls rock, boys roll: An analysis of the age 14-16 gender gap in English schools. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 51 (2), 209-229.
Burt, K.B., & Scott, J. (2002). Parent and adolescent gender role attitudes in 1990s Great Britain. Sex Roles, 46 (7-8), 239-245.
Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106, 676-713.
Carpenter, P. (1985). Single-sex schooling and girls’ academic achievements. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 21 (3), 456-472.
Cockburn, C. (1987). Two Track Training: Sex Inequalities and the YTS. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Connell, R.W. (2002). Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Connolly, P. (2006). The effects of social class and ethnicity on gender differences in GCSE attainment. British Educational Research Journal, 32 (1), 3-21.
Cortis, N., & Neumarch, E. (2000). Boys in schools: What’s happening. Paper presented at the International Interdisciplinary Masculinities Conference, Queensland.
Crombie, G., Arbarbanel, T., & Trinneer, A. (2002). All-female classes in high school computer science: Positive effects in three years of data. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 27 (4), 385-409.
Dale, R. (1969). Mixed or Single-Sex Schooling? Vol. 1: A Research Study in Pupil-Teacher Relationships. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Dale, R. (1971). Mixed or Single-Sex Schooling? Vol. 2: Some Social Aspects. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Dale, R. (1974). Mixed or Single-Sex Schooling? Vol. 3: Attainment, Attitudes and Overview. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Daly, P. (1995). Science course participation and science achievement in single-sex and co-educational schools. Evaluation and Research in Education, 9, 91-98.
Darmody, M., & Smyth, E. (2005). Gender and Subject Choice: Take-up of Technological Subjects in Second-Level Education. Dublin: Liffey Press/ESRI.
Datnow, A., & Hubbard, L. (Eds.). (2002). Gender in Policy and Practice: Perspectives on Single-Sex and Coeducational Schooling. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Deem, R. (Ed.). (1984). Coeducation Reconsidered. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Delamont, S. (1999). Gender and the discourse of derision. Research Papers in Education. 14, 3-21.
Department of Education and Skills (2006a). Statistical First Release: GCSE and Equivalent Results and Associated Value Added Measures for Young People in England, 2004/05 (Revised). London: DfES.
Department of Education and Skills (2006b). Statistical First Release: GCE/VCE A/AS Examination Results for Young People in England, 2004/05 (Revised). London: DfES.
Ditchburn, G. and Martin, J. (1986). Education for Girls in Catholic and Independent Schools in the Western Suburbs of Melbourne and Gippsland. Non-government Schools Participation and Equity Project, Victoria.
Drudy, S., & Uí Catháin, M. (1999). Gender Equality in Classroom Interaction. Maynooth: National University of Ireland, Maynooth.
Dumais, S. (2002). Cultural capital, gender, and school success: The role of habitus. Sociology of Education, 75, 44-68.
Dunlap, C.E. (2002). An Examination of Gender Differences in Today’s Mathematics Classrooms: Exploring Single-Sex Mathematics Classrooms [On line]. Available: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/27/93/cf.pdf
Duru-Bellat, M. (2004). L’École des Filles. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Ehrenberg, R.G., Brewer, D., & Goldhaber, D. (1995). Do teachers’ race, gender and ethnicity matter? Evidence from the NELS. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48 (3), 547-561.
Elwood, J. (1999). Equity issues in performance assessment. Educational Research and Evaluation, 5 (4), 321-344.
Elwood, J. (2005). Gender and achievement: What have exams got to do with it?. Oxford Review of Education, 31 (1), 373-393.
England, P., Allison, P., Li, S., Mark, N., Thompson, J., Budig, M., & Sun, H. (2004). Why Are Some Academic Fields Tipping Toward Female? Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
Epstein, D., Elwood, J., Hey, V., & Maw, J. (Eds.). (1998). Failing Boys? Issues in Gender and Achievement. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Epstein, D. (1998). Real boys don’t work: ‘Underachievement’, masculinities and the harassment of ‘sissies’. In D. Epstein, J. Elwood, V. Hey, & J. Maw, (Eds.). Failing Boys? Issues in Gender and Achievement. Buckingham: Open University Press.
ETAN Expert Working Group on Women and Science. (2000). Science Policies in the European Union: Promoting Excellence through Mainstreaming Gender Equality. Brussels: European Commission.
Fagan, J.F., & Sheperd, P.A. (1981). Theoretical issues in the early development of visual perception. In D. Radcliffe (Ed.). Developmental Disabilities in the Preschool Child. New York: Spectrum.
Feingold, A. (1992). Sex differences in variability in intellectual abilities. Review of Educational Research, 61, 61-84.
Fitzgibbon, C.T. (1999). Long-term consequences of curriculum choices with particular reference to mathematics and science. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 10 (2), 217-232.
FMER. (2005). Report of the Federal Government on Research. Berlin: Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
Francis, B. (2000). Boys, Girls and Achievement. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Francis, B. (2004). Classroom interaction and access: Whose space is it? In H. Claire (Ed.). Gender in Education 3-19: A Fresh Approach. London: Association of Teachers and Lecturers, 42-49.
Francis, B., & Archer, L. (2005). British-Chinese pupils’ constructions of gender and learning. Oxford Review of Education, 31 (3), 497-515.
Francis, B., & Skelton, C. (2005). Reassessing Gender and Achievement: Questioning Contemporary Key Debates. London: Routledge.
Friedman, L. (1989). Mathematics and the gender gap: A meta-analysis of recent studies on sex differences in mathematical tasks. Review of Educational Research, 59 (2), 185-213.
Geake, J.G., & Cooper, P.W. (2003). Implications of cognitive neuroscience for education. Westminster Studies in Education, 26 (10), 7-20.
Gill, J. (1992). Rephrasing the question about single-sex schooling. In A. Reid & B. Johnson, (Ed.). Critical Issues in Australian Education in the 1990s. Adelaide: Painters Prints.
Gillborn, D. (1990). Sexism and curricular ‘choice’. Cambridge Journal of Education, 20 (2), 161-174.
Gillborn, D., & Mirza, H.S. (2000). Educational Inequality: Mapping Race, Class and Gender. London: HMI.
Gillibrand, E., Robinson, P., Brawn, R., & Osborn, A. (1999). Girls’ participation in physics in single-sex classes in mixed schools in relation to confidence and achievement. International Journal of Science Education, 21 (4), 349-362.
Gilson, J.E. (2002). Single-Gender Education versus Coeducation for Girls [On line]. Available: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/11/77/30.pdf
Gorard, S. (2004). The international dimension: What can we learn from the PISA study?. In H. Claire (Ed.). Gender in Education 3-19: A Fresh Approach. London: Association of Teachers and Lecturers.
Gray, J., Peng, W., Steward, S., & Thomas, S. (2004). Towards a typology of gender-related school effects. Oxford Review of Education, 30 (4), 529-550.
Hannan, D.F., Smyth, E., McCullagh, J., O’Leary, R., & McMahon, D. (1996). Coeducation and Gender Equality. Dublin: Oak Tree Press/ Economic and Social Research Institute.
Harker, R. (2000). Achievement, gender and the single-sex/coed debate. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 21 (2), 203-218.
Helwig, Andrew A. (1998). Gender-role stereotyping: Testing theory with a longitudinal sample. Sex Roles, 38 (5-6), 403-423.
Herr, K., & Arms, E. (2002). The intersection of educational reforms: Single-gender academies in a public middle school. In A. Datnow, & L. Hubbard (Eds). Gender in Policy and Practice: Perspectives on Single-Sex and Coeducational Schooling. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Howe, C. (1997). Gender and Classroom Interaction: A Research Review. Edinburgh: SCRE.
Hyde, J.S., Fennema, E., & Lamon, S.J. (1990). Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 107 (2), 139-155.
Jackson, C. (2002). ‘Laddishness’ as a self-worth protection strategy”. Gender and Education, 14 (1), 37-51.
Jones, S., & Myhill, D. (2004). Seeing things differently: Teachers’ constructions of underachievement. Gender and Education, 16 (4), 531-546.
Kaplan, G., & Rogers, L.J. (2003). Gene Worship. New York: Other Press.
Kelly, A. (1981). The Missing Half: Girls and Science Education. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Kelly, A. (1985). The construction of masculine science. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 6 (2), 133-154.
Kelly, A. (1988). Option choice for girls and boys. Research in Science and Technological Education, 6 (1), 5-23.
Kessler, S., & McKenna, W. (1978). Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kimura, D. (1992). Sex differences in the brain. Scientific American, 267, 119-125.
Kitchen, A. (1999). The changing profile of entrants to mathematics at A level and to mathematical subjects in higher education. British Educational Research Journal, 25 (1), 57-74.
Lamb, S. (1996). Gender differences in mathematics participation in Australian schools. British Educational Research Journal, 22 (2), 223-240.
Lavy, V. (2004). Do Gender Stereotypes Reduce Girls’ Human Capital Outcomes? Evidence from a Natural Experiment. NBER (Working Paper no. 10678).
Lee, V. E., & Smith, J. (1993). Effects of school restructuring on the achievement and engagement of middle-grade students. Sociology of Education, 66, 164-187.
LePore, P.C., & Warren, J.R. (1997). A comparison of single-sex and coeducational Catholic secondary schooling: Evidence from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988. American Educational Research Journal, 34 (3), 485-511.
Lingard, B., Martino, W., Mills, M., & Bahr, M. (2004). Addressing the Educational Needs of Boys. Canberra: Report to the Department of Education, Science and Training.
Linn, M.C., & Hyde, J.S. (1989). Gender, mathematics, and science. Educational Researcher, 18 (8), 17-19, 22-27.
Lynch, K., & Lodge, A. (2002). Equality and Power in Schools: Redistribution, Recognition and Representation. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Lyons, M., Lynch, K., Close, S., Sheerin, E., & Boland, P. (2003). Inside Classrooms: The Teaching and Learning of Mathematics in Social Context. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration.
Mac an Ghaill, M. (1994). The Making of Men. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Maccoby, E.E., & Jacklin, C.N. (1974). The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Mackin, S., & McNally, S. (2006). Gender and Achievement in English Schools. London: London School of Economics.
Mael, F., Alonso, A., Gibson, D., Rogers, K., & Smith, M. (2005). Single-Sex Versus Coeducational Schooling: A Systematic Review. Washington, DC: US Department of Education.
Marsh, H., & Rowe, K. (1996). The effects of single-sex and mixed-sex mathematics classes within a coeducational school. Australian Journal of Education, 40, 147-162.
McKinnon, M., & Ahola-Sidaway, J. (1995). ‘Workin’ with the boys’: A North American perspective on non-traditional work initiatives for adolescent females in secondary schools. Gender and Education, 7 (3), 327-339.
McNabb, R., Pal, S., & Sloane, P.J. (2002). Gender differences in educational attainment: The case of university students in England and Wales. Economica, 69, 481-503.
Mendick, H. (2005). A beautiful myth? The gendering of being/doing ‘good at maths’. Gender and Education, 17 (2), 203-219.
Miller, L., & Budd, J. (1999). The development of occupational sex-role stereotypes, occupational preferences and academic subject preferences in children at ages 8, 12 and 16. Educational Psychology, 19 (1), 17-35.
Myers, K. (Ed.). (2000). Whatever Happened To Equal Opportunities in Schools? Buckingham: Open University Press.
Nash, M., Allsop, T., & Woolnough, B. (1984). Factors affecting pupil uptake of technology at 14+. Research in Science and Technological Education, 2 (1), 5-19.
National Center for Education Statistics [NCES] (2005). Trends in Educational Equity of Girls and Women: 2004. Washington, DC: US Department of Education.
Nuttall, D.L., Goldstein, H., Prosser, R., & Rasbash, J. (1989). Differential school effectiveness. International Journal of Educational Research, 13 (7), 769-776.
Nuttall, D.L., Thomas, S., & Goldstein, H. (1992). Report on Analysis of 1990 Examination Results. AMA EO Circular 92/13.
Oakes, J. (1990). Multiplying Inequalities: The Effects of Race, Social Class and Tracking on Opportunities to Learn Mathematics and Science. California: Rand.
OECD (2004). Education at a Glance 2004: OECD Indicators. Paris: Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, OECD.
OECD (2005). Education at a Glance 2005: OECD Indicators. Paris: Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, OECD.
Peretti, C. (2004). Repères et References Statistiques sur les Enseignements, la Formation et la Recherche. Vanves: Ministère de l’Éducation Nationale.
Read, B.K. (1994). Motivational factors in technical college women’s selection of nontraditional careers. Journal of Career Development, 20 (3), 239-258.
Reay, D. (2001). ‘Spice girls’, ‘nice girls’, ‘girlies’ and ‘tomboys’: Gender discourses, girls’ cultures and femininities in the primary classroom. Gender and Education, 13, 153-166.
Richardson, J.T.E., & Woodley, A. (2003). Another look at the role of age, gender and subject as predictors of academic attainment in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 28 (4), 475-493.
Riordan, C. (2002). What do we know about the effects of single-sex schools in the private sector? Implications for public schools. In A. Datnow, & L. Hubbard (Eds). Gender Policy and Practice: Perspectives on Single-Sex and Coeducational Schooling. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Roderick, M. (2003). What’s happening to the boys? Early high school experiences and school outcomes among African American adolescents in Chicago. Urban Education, 38 (5), 538-607.
Scott, J. (2004). Family, gender, and educational attainment in Britain: A longitudinal study. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 35 (4), 565-589.
Scottish Executive (2005). SQA Examination Results in Scottish Schools 2004/05. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.
Silverman, S., & Pritchard, A.M. (1996, Spring). Building their future: Girls and technology education in Connecticut. Journal of Technology Education, 7 (2), 41-54.
Smith, J. and Naylor, R. (2001). Determinants of degree performance in UK universities: A statistical analysis of the 1993 student cohort. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 63 (1), 29-60.
Smyth, E. (2005). Gender differentiation and early labour market integration across Europe. European Societies, 7 (3), 451-479.
Smyth, E., & Hannan, C. (2002). Who Chooses Science? Subject Choice in Second-level Schools. Dublin: Liffey Press/ESRI.
Spender, D. (1982). Invisible Women. London: Writers and Readers.
Spender, D., & Sarah, E. (Eds). (1980). Learning to Lose: Sexism and Education. London: Women’s Press.
Stables, A. (1990). Differences between pupils from mixed and single sex schools in their enjoyment of school subjects and in their attitudes to sciences and to school. Educational Review, 42 (3), 221-230.
Standing Committee on Education and Training (2002). Boys: Getting It Right. Report on the Inquiry into the Education of Boys [On line]. Available: http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/edt/eofb/report.htm
Stanworth, M. (1981). Gender and Schooling. London: Hutchinson.
Stromquist, N.P. (1993). Sex-equity legislation in education: The state as promoter of women’s rights. Review of Educational Research, 63 (4), 379-407.
Sukhnandan, L., Lee, B., & Kelleher, S. (2000). An Investigation into Gender Differences in Achievement. Slough: NFER.
Thomas, S., Pan, H., & Goldstein, H. (1994). Report on Analysis of 1992 Examination Results. London: AMA and Institute of Education, University of London.
Thomas, S., Sammons, P., Mortimore, P., & Smees, R. (1997). Differential secondary school effectiveness: Comparing the performance of different pupil groups. British Educational Research Journal, 23 (4), 451-469.
Tinklin, T. (2003). Gender differences and high attainment. British Educational Research Journal, 29, 307-325.
Tinklin, T., Croxford, L., Ducklin, A., & Frame, B. (2001). Gender and Pupil Performance in Scotland’s Schools. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Education Department.
van de Gaer, E., Pustjens, H., van Damme, J., & de Munter, A. (2004). Effects of single-sex versus co-educational classes and schools on gender differences in progress in language and mathematics achievement. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 25 (3), 307-322.
van Houtte, M. (2004). Gender context of the school and study culture, or how the presence of girls affects the achievement of boys. Educational Studies, 30 (4), 409-423.
van Langen, A.P., & Dekkers, H.P. (2005). Cross-national differences in participating in tertiary science, technology, engineering and mathematics education. Comparative Education, 41 (3), 329-350.
Warrington, M., & Younger, M. (2000). The other side of the gender gap. Gender and Education, 12, (4), 493-508.
Wilson, E.O. (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Woodward, L.J., Fergusson, D.M., & Horwood, L.J. (1999). Effects of single-sex and coeducational schooling on children’s academic achievement. Australian Journal of Education, 43 (2), 142-156.
Young, D. (1994). Single-sex schools and physics achievement: Are girls really advantaged? International Journal of Science Education, 16 (3), 315-325.
Younger, M. (1999). The gender gap and classroom interactions: Reality and rhetoric?. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 20 (3), 325-341.
Younger, M., Warrington, M. with Gray, J., Rudduck, J., McLellan, R., Bearne, E., Kershner, R., & Bricheno, P. (2005). Raising Boys’ Achievement. London: Department for Education and Skills.
Younger, M., & Warrington, M. (1996). Differential achievement of girls and boys at GCSE. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 17 (3), 299-313.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smyth, E. (2007). Gender and Education. In: Teese, R., Lamb, S., Duru-Bellat, M., Helme, S. (eds) International Studies in Educational Inequality, Theory and Policy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5916-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5916-2_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-5915-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-5916-2
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)