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Gollaher DL. From ritual to science: the medical transformation Of circumcision. America Journal of Social History 1994;28(1):5-36.
Bollinger D. Normal versus Circumcised: U.S. Neonatal Male Genital Ratio, 2004, white paper, February 12, 2004. An original publication by the Circumcision Information Resource Pages. February 2004. http://www.cirp.org/library/statistics/USA/.
McGrath K, Young H. A review of Circumcision in New Zealand. in: Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milo MF (eds). Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Discliplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.
Fleiss PM. The case against circumcision. Mothering (Winter 1997):36-45.
A good discussion of the increasingly pointed legal scholarship and rising bioethical concerns may be found within: Waldeck SE. Using male circumcision to understand social norms as multipliers, University of Cincinnati Law Review 2003;72(3):455-526.
Cf., for instance, American Academy of Pediatrics: Task Force on Circumcision. Circumcision policy statement. Pediatrics 1999 Mar;103(3):686-93.
Gollaher DA. Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery. New York: Basic Books, 2000. p. 92.
Giannetti MR. Circumcision and the American Academy of Pediatrics: should scientific misconduct result in trade association liability? Iowa Law Review 2000 May;85(4):1507-68.
18 United States Code Part 1, Chap 7, §116; similar laws have been passed in most other First-World countries.
A covenant with the status quo? Male circumcision and the new BMA guidance to doctors, J.Med. Ethics 2005;31;463-469.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2001;13(No. 2), HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2002;14 and HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2003;15.
Somerville MA. The Ethical Canary Science, Society and the Human Spirit. Toronto: Viking/Penguin, 2000. pp. 202-19.
Washington State’s Medical Quality Assurance Commission (WMQAC) is typical, with 13 physicians, 2 physician assistants, and only 4 members of the public aboard. See: https://fortress.wa.gov/doh/hpqa1/HPS5/Medical/commission.htm.
“Forcing the foreskin to retract before it is ready may severely harm the penis and cause pain, bleeding and tears in the skin. Newborns: care of the uncircumcised penis: Guidelines for parents. Springfield: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1990.
Doctors Opposing Circumcision is appealing a formal rejection of one such complaint against the hospital, physician and those assisting: “The death of Justin William Rumberger, DOD 12/28/03; Washington State Department of Health, (WSDOH) case: 2004-04-0014MD.”
Examples include: CPT54150, CPT54160, CPT54163. Unfortunately, mere existence of the codes appears to suggest possibilities of imagined pathology and intervention opportunity. Anesthesia codes 00920 and 64450 are also used to evade Medicaid restrictions on the underlying intervention, whether anesthesia was actually provided or not.
FDA MedWatch Reports, July 1992 through January 2000. IPM Procedure: Circumcision Clamps, Health Devices 2000 January;29(1):22-3Hazard: Damaged Allied Healthcare Products Gomco circumcision clamp. Health Devices 1993 Mar;22 (3):154-5. Hazard: Incompatibility of different brands of Gomco-Type circumcision clamps. Health Devices 1997 Feb;26(2):76-7.
In general, HIPAA preempts state law provisions that are contrary to its provisions, but allows exceptions: “(a) to prevent fraud and abuse related to the provision or payment for health care, (b) to ensure appropriate state regulation of insurance and health plans.” Thus HIPAA has some potential to circumvent more restrictive state laws.
These laws are variously termed public document access, public disclosure, sunshine laws and freedom of information act (FOIA), requests.
The author received this information pursuant to a demand for disclosure under Washington law, RCW 42.17.260, the Public Documents Access law, after repeat and insistent written requests.
Van Howe RS. A Cost-Utility Analysis of Neonatal Circumcision. Med Decis Making. 2004 Nov-Dec;24(6):584-601.
Van Howe RS. Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study. Br J Urol. 1997 Nov;80(5):776-82.
RCW 26.44.030(1)(a) When any practitioner, … has reasonable cause to believe that a child has suffered abuse or neglect, he or she shall report such incident, or cause a report to be made, to the proper law enforcement agency or to the department as provided in RCW 26.44.040.
Ostrom CM. Harborview debates issue of circumcision of Muslim girls. Seattle Times (13 Sept 1996): P. A15.
18 United States Code Part 1, Chap 7, § 116.
Newell TEC. Judgement of inquiry into the death of McWillis, Ryleigh Roman Bryan. Burnaby, B.C.: British Columbia Coroner's Service, Monday, 19 January 2004.
RCW 7.70.065, Informed consent - Persons authorized to provide for patients who are not competent …(3) Before any person authorized to provide informed consent on behalf of a patient not competent to consent exercises that authority, the person must first determine in good faith that that patient, if competent, would consent to the proposed health care. If such a determination cannot be made, the decision to consent to the proposed health care may be made only after determining that the proposed health care is in the patient’s best interests.
Nathan DG, Oski FA. Hematology of Infancy and Childhood. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1987. p. 1687. Smart J, Nolan T (eds). Paediatric Handbook. 6th ed. Carlton South, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Science, 2000. p. 2.
7 United States Code 54, § 2143.
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Geisheker, J.V. (2006). Toward Regulation of Non-Therapeutic Genital Surgeries Upon Minors: A Preliminary Legal Strategy. In: Denniston, G.C., Gallo, P.G., Hodges, F.M., Milos, M.F., Viviani, F. (eds) Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4916-3_18
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