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Research Data Closer to Expectation than Compatible with Random Sampling

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Abstract

Research data may be close to expectation. However, a difference from control of 0.000 is hardly compatible with random sampling. As it comes to well-balanced random sampling of representative experimental data, nature will be helpful to provide researchers with results close to perfection. However, because biological processes are full of variations, nature will never allow for 100% perfection. Statistical distributions can account for this lack of perfection in experimental data sampling, and provide exact probability levels of finding results close to expectation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. European Interuniversity College of Pharmaceutical Medicine Lyon, France

    Ton J. Cleophas MD, PhD, Associate-Professor (President American College of Angiology, Co-Chair Module Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials, Internist-clinical pharmacologist)

  2. Department Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Ton J. Cleophas MD, PhD, Associate-Professor (President American College of Angiology, Co-Chair Module Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials, Internist-clinical pharmacologist)

  3. Department Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Aeilko H. Zwinderman Math D, PhD, Professor (Co-Chair Module Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials, Professor of Statistics)

  4. Technical University, Delft, The Netherlands

    Toine F. Cleophas D Techn

Authors
  1. Ton J. Cleophas MD, PhD, Associate-Professor
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  2. Aeilko H. Zwinderman Math D, PhD, Professor
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  3. Toine F. Cleophas D Techn
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© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Cleophas, T.J., Zwinderman, A.H., Cleophas, T.F. (2006). Research Data Closer to Expectation than Compatible with Random Sampling. In: Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4650-6_10

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