Abstract
Consanguinity is defined as marriage between blood relatives and is commonly used to describe relationships that include up to second cousin marriages (Bittles, 1994). At a biological level, consanguineous unions may increase the risk in the homozygous state in their children [note 1] (Modell and Darr, 2003). This might be reflected in relatively higher probability of an autosomal recessive inherited disease and certain types of congenital malformations. However consanguinity does not increase the risk of autosomal dominant or X-linked disorders. Studies on consanguinity have focussed on the probable higher risk of prenatal or postnatal mortality and/or morbidity due to congenital malformations and/or intellectual disability (Bundey and Aslam, 1993) [note 2].
Keywords
- Congenital Malformation
- Intellectual Disability
- Consanguineous Marriage
- Parental Consanguinity
- Muslim Population
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdulrazzaq YM, Bener A, Al-Ghazali LI, Al-Khayat AI, Micallef R, Gaber T (1997) A study of possible deleterious effects of consanguinity. Clinical Genetics 51: 167–173
Ahmad WI (1994) Reflections on the consanguinity and birth outcome debate. J Public Health Med. 16 (4): 423–428
Ahmed T, Ali SM, Aliaga A, Arnold F, Ayub M, Bhatti MH (1992) Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 1990/91. National Institute of Population Studies and Macro International Inc., Islamabad and Columbia, MD.
Al-Ansari A (1993) Etiology of mild mental retardation among Bahraini children: a community-based case control study. Ment Retard. 31 (3): 140–143
Al-Ghazali LI, Dawodu AH, Sabarinathan K, Varghese M (1995) The profile of major congenital abnormalities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population. J Med Genet 32: 7–13
Alwan A, Modell B (2003). Recommendations for introducing genetic services in developing countries. Nat Rev Genet. 4 (1): 61–8
Badaruddoza A, Afzal M (1995) Effects of inbreeding on marriage payment in North India. J Biosoc Sci. 27 (3): 333–337
Bhutta Z (2000) Why has so little changes in maternal and child health in south Asia? BMJ 321 (7264): 809–812
Bittles, AH (1994) The role and significance of cansanguinity as a demographic variable. Popu. Dev Rev 20: 561–584
Bittles AH (2003) The bases of western attitudes to consanguineous marriage. Dev Med Child Neurol. 45 (2): 135–138
Bittles AH, Mason WM, Greene J, Appaji Rao N (1991) Reproductive behaviour and health in consanguineous marriages. Science 252: 789–794
Bittles, AH, Hussain, R (2000) An analysis of consanguineous marriage in the Muslim population of India at regional and state levels. Ann Hum Biol. 27 (2): 163–171
Bittles AH, Coble JM, Appaji Rao N (1993) Trends in consanguineous marriage in Karnataka, South India, 1980–89. J Biosoc Sci. 25 (1): 111–116
Bittles AH, Grant JC, Shami SA (1993) Consanguinity as a determinant of reproductive behaviour and mortality in Pakistan. Int J Epidemiol. 22 (3): 463–467
Bittles AH, Neel JV (1994) The costs of human inbreeding and their implications for variations at the DNA level. Nat Gene. 8 (2): 117–121
Bundey S, Alam H, Kaur A, Mir S, Lanchashire RJ (1990) Race, consanguinity and social features in Birmingham: a basis for prospective study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 44 (2): 130–135
Bundey S and Aslam H (1993) A five-year prospective study of health of children in different ethnic groups, with particular reference to the effect of inbreeding. Eur J Hum Genet. 1 (3): 206–219
Caldwell JC, Reddy PH, Caldwell P (1983) The causes of marriage change in South India. Popul Stud 37 (2): 343–361
Chandrasekar A, Jayaraj JS, Rao PSS (1994) Consanguinity and its trend in a Mendelian population of Andhra Pradesh, India. Soc Biol. 40 (3–4): 244–247
Corry P (2002) Intellectual disability and cerebral palsy in a UK community. Community Genet. 5 (3): 201–204
Durkin MS, Khan NZ, Davidson LL, Huq S, Munir S, Rasul E, Zaman SS (2000) Prenatal and postnatal risk factors for mental retardation among children in Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol 152 (11): 1024–1333
Durkin MS, Hassan ZM, Hasan KZ (1998) Prevalence and correlaqtes of mental retardation among children in Karachi, Pakistan. Am J Epidemiol 147 (3): 281–288
Fernell E (1998) Aetiological factors and prevalence of severe mental retardation in children in a Swedish municipality: the possible role of consanguinity. Dev Med Child Neurol. 40 (9): 608–611
Fricke T (1995). Marriage change and moral change: culture, value and demographic transition. Paper presented at the conference on ‘The Continuing Demographic Transition: The J.C. Caldwell Seminar’, 14–17 August, Canberra.
Fricke T, Axinn AG, Thornton A (1993) Marriage, social inequality and women’s contact with their natal families in alliance societies: Two Tamang examples. American Anthropologist 95 (2): 395–419
Gatrad AR, Read AP, Watson GH (1984) Consanguinity and complex cardiac anomalies with situs ambiguous. Arch Dis Child. 59 (3): 242–245
Grant JC, Bittles AH (1997) The comparative role of consanguinity in infant and child mortality in Pakistan. Ann Hum Genet. 61 (Pt 2): 143–149
Haq K. (2000) Human Development in South Asia 2000. Oxford University Press, Karachi. Hashmi MA (1997) Frequency of consanguinity and its effect on congenital malformations: A hospital-based study. J Pak Med Assoc. 47 (3): 75–78
Honeyman MM, Bahl L, Marshall T, Wharton BA (1987) Consanguinity and fetal growth in Pakistani Moslems. Arch Dis Child. 62 (3): 231–235
Hussain R, Bittles AH, Sullivan S (200 1) Early childhood mortality in Muslim populations of India and Pakistan. 13(6): 777–787
Hussain R, Bittles AH (1998). The prevalence and demographic characteristics of consanguineous marriages in Pakistan. J Biosoc Sci. 30 (2): 261–279
Hussain R (1999) Community perceptions of reasons for preference for consanguineous marriages in Pakistan. J Biosoc Sci 31 (4): 449–461
Hussain R (2002) Lay perceptions of genetic risks attributable to inbreeding in Pakistan. Am J Human Biol. 14 (2): 264–274
IIPS (1995) National Family Health Survey 1992–93. International Institute for Population Sciences, Bombay IIPS and ORC Macro (2000) National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), 1998–99. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai.
Irfan M (2000) ß-Thalassemia: what are we waiting for? J Pak Med Assoc. 50 (7): 210.
Jaber L, Merlob P, Bu X, Rotter JI, Shohat M (1992) Marked parental consanguinity as a cause for increased major malformations in an Israeli Arab community. Am J Med Genet. 44 (1): 1–6
Jain VK, Nalini P, Chandra R, Srinivasan S (1993) Congenital malformations, reproductive wastage and consanguineous mating. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 33 (1): 33–36
Kapadia KM (1958) Marriage and Family in India, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Calcutta, pp. 117–137
Mian A, Mushtaq R (1994) Consanguinity in population of Quetta (Pakistan): A preliminary study. J Hum Ecol. 5: 49–53
Modell B, Darr A (2002) Genetic counselling and customary consanguineous marriage. Nat Rev Genet. 3 (3): 225–229
Mohanty D, Colah RB, Gorakshakar AC, Nadkarni AH, Phanasgaonkar SP, Shetty S, Ghosh K, Mukherjee MB (2002) Genetic disorders in haematological practice in India. Community Genet. 5 (3): 197–200
Morgan SP, Stash S, Smith HL, Mason KO (2002). Muslim and non-Muslim difference in female autonomy and fertility: Evidence from four Asian countries. Pop & Dev Rev. 28 (3): 515–537
Pandey BN, Jha AK, Das PKL (1994) Effects of consanguinity on blood groups and intelligence quotient among Muslim children of Purnia, Bihar. J Hum Ecol. 5: 221–223
Powell JE, Kelly AM, Parkes SE, Cole TRP, Mann JR (1995) Cancer and congenital abnormalities in Asian children: a population-based study from the West Midlands. B J Cancer 72 (6): 1563–1569
Rao PS, Inbaraj SG (1977) Inbreeding in Tamil Nadu, South India. Soc Biol 24: 281–288
Reddy VR, Rao AP (1978) Effects of parental consanguinity on fertility, mortality and morbidity among the Pattusalis of Tirupati, South India. Hum Hered. 289 (3): 226–234
Reddy PG (1988) family structure and consanguineous marriage among three caste groups of Andhra pardesh, India. Int J Anthropol. 3(4): 355–359
Shami SA, Grant JC, Bittles AH (1994) Consanguineous marriage within social/occupational class boundaries in Pakistan. J Biosoc Sci. 26 (1): 91–96
Shami SA, Schmitt LH, Bittles AH (1990) Consanguinity, spousal age at marriage and fertility in seven Pakistani Punjab cities. Ann Hum Biol. 17 (2): 97–105
Shami SA, Schmitt LH & Bittles AH (1989) Consanguinity related prenatal and postnatal mortality of the populations of seven Pakistani Punjab cities. J Med Genet. 26 (4): 267–271
Stoltenberg C, Magnus P, Lie RT, Dalveit AK, Irgens LM (1997) Birth defects and parental consanguinity in Norway. Am J Epidemiol. 145 (5): 439–448
Stoltenberg C, Magnus P, Skrondal A, Lie RT (1999) Consanguinity and recurrence risk of stillbirth and infant death. Am J Public Health. 89 (4): 517–523
Suhaib A. Saleem M, Modell B, Petrou M (2002) Screning extended families for genetic haemoglobin disorders in Pakistan. N Engl J Med. 347 (15): 1162–1168
United Nations Development Programme (2000) Human Development Report 2000. Oxford University Press, New York
Verma IC, Bijarnia S (2002) The burden of genetic disorders in India and a framework for community control. Community Genet. 5 (3): 192–196
Wahab A, Ahmad M (1996) Biosocial perspective of consanguineous marriages in rural and urban Swat, Pakistan. J Biosoc Sci. 28: 305–313
Wang W, Sullivan SG, Ahmed S, Chandler D, Zhivotovsky LA, Bittles AH (2000) A genome-based study of consanguinity in three co-resident endogamous Pakistan communities. Ann Hum Genet. 64 (Pt 1): 41–49
Yaqoob M, Gustavson KH, Jalil F, Karlberg J, Iselius L (1993) Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan: II. Inbreeding. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 82 Suppl. 390: 17–26
Zakzouk S, El-Sayed Y, Bafaqeeh SA (1993) Consanguinity and heredity hearing impairment among Saudi population. Annals of Saudi Medicine 13: 447–450
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hussain, R. (2004). Consanguinity: Cultural, Religious and Social Aspects. In: Kumar, D. (eds) Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2231-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2231-9_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6262-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-2231-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive