Abstract
Regions are defined by geographers in terms of their possession of one or more unifying factors. The regions studied in political geography exist through the presence of some form of internal political unity, which may derive from the unification of the region under a single sovereign government or a single local authority, from the existence within it of a particular political outlook or aspiration, from the functional unity of the region as an area of formal international cooperation, or from the existence of informal underlying supranational characteristics. The state is the traditional and, to a lesser extent, continuing focus of political-geographical attention, and constitutes the most distinctive and developed political-geographical form. Though there are strong political, economic and social forces working in the directions of both intra and supranational regionalisation, the state will retain its paramount political status so long as state sovereignty remains the basis of statehood. While the power of ultimate decision-making remains with the sovereign governments, decisions affecting supra or intranational developments must be made by these governments or in respect of them.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
G. Modelski, The promise of geocentric politics, World Politics, 20 (1970), 617–35.
H. J. Mackinder, The geographical pivot of history, Geogr. J., 23 (1904), 421–4.
N. J. G. Pounds, Political Geography, New York (1963), p. 410.
L. D. Kristof, The origin and evolution of geopolitics, J. Conflict Resolution, 4 (1960), 632–45.
R. Hartshorne, What is political geography? (1954); also in
Politics and Geographic Relations (ed. W. A. D. Jackson), Englewood Cliffs, N. J. (1964), p. 56.
G. J. Martin, Political geography and geopolitics, J. Geogr., 58 (1959), 441–4.
Discussion of the Heartland concept is one of the main elements in the geographical component of the basic social science course of the Open University.
H. J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, New York (1919).
See ref. 2, 431.
See ref. 2, 437.
See ref. 2, 432. Mackinder was influenced by earlier geopolitical writing on sea power by A. T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, Boston, Mass. (1900); but he did not consider that sea power remained as potent as Mahan suggested.
See ref. 2, 433.
See ref. 2, 433.
See ref. 2, 433.
See ref. 2, 436.
See ref. 2, 437.
See ref. 8.
See ref. 8, p. 113.
H. J. Mackinder, The round world and the winning of the peace, Foreign Affairs, 21 (1943), 595–605.
S. B. Jones, Global strategic views, Geogr. Rev., 45 (1955), 493.
W. G. East, How strong is the Heartland?, Foreign Affairs, 29 (1950), 78–93.
D. J. M. Hooson, A new Soviet Heartland, Geogr. J., 128 (1962), 19–29.
See ref. 19.
J. C. Malin, The contriving brain as the pivot of history, in Issues and Conflicts, Lawrence, Kansas (1959), p. 339.
See ref. 22, 19.
See ref. 2, 422.
N. J. Spykman, The Geography of the Peace, New York (1944).
D. W. Meinig, Heartland and Rimland in Eurasian history, Western Pol. Q., 9 (1956), 553–69.
A. P. de Seversky, Air Power: Key to Survival, New York (1950).
S. B. Cohen, Geography and Politics in a Divided World, London (1964), 56–87.
B. M. Russett, International Regions and the International System: a Study in Political Ecology, Chicago (1967).
B. M. Russett, Delineating international regions, in Quantitative International Politics (ed. J. D. Singer), New York (1968), p. 317.
See ref. 31, p. 228.
See ref. 31, p. 232.
B. J. L. Berry, Geographical reviews, Geogr. Rev., 59 (1969), 450.
O. R. Young, Professor Russett: industrious tailor to a naked emperor, World Politics, 21(1969), 486.
See ref. 35, 450.
K. A. Sinnhuber, Central Europe, Mitteleuropa, Europe Centrale, Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., 20(1954), no. 1, 5–37.
W. G. East, The concept and political status of the shatter zone, in Geographical Essays on Eastern Europe (ed. N. J. G. Pounds), Birmingham, Al. (1967), pp. 1–27.
K. R. Cox, A spatial interactional model for political geography, East Lakes Geogr., 4 (1968), 58ff.
G. R. Crone, Background to Political Geography, London (1967).
J. R. V. Prescott, Functions and methods of electoral geography, Annals Assoc. Am. Geogr., 49 (1959), 301.
R. Conquest, ed., The Soviet Political System, London (1968), p. 13.
R. D. Dikshit, The failure of federalism in Central Africa, Prof. Geogr., 23 (1971), 227.
The Times (20 May 1969).
J. R. V. Prescott, Political Geography, London (1972), p. 78.
G. Kish, Some aspects of the regional political geography of Italy, Annals Assoc. Am. Geogr., 43 (1953), 178.
C. O. Paullin, Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, Washington DC (1932), plates 112–31.
R. L. Friedheim, Factor analysis as a tool in studying the law of the sea, in The Law of the Sea (ed. L. M. Alexander), Columbus, Ohio, (1967), pp. 47–70.
See ref. 40.
K. R. Cox, The voting decision in a spatial context, in Progress in Geography (ed. R. J. Chorley, P. Haggett and D. R. Stoddart), London (1969), vol. 1, pp. 96–117.
See ref. 51, p. 112.
Quoted in J. P. Mackintosh, The Devolution of Power, Penguin, Harmonds-worth (1968), p. 155.
A. H. Taylor, The electoral geography of Welsh and Scottish nationalism, Scot. Geogr. Mag., 89 (1973), 44.
J. R. V. Prescott, Electoral studies in political geography, in The Structure of Political Geography (ed. R. K. Kasperson and J. V. Minghi), Chicago (1969).
The UK election of 1979 produced a clear-cut result; the major parties received the following percentages of the votes cast: Conservative, 45. 0; Labour, 37. 8; Liberal, 14. 2.
P. Kellner, If the system were different, Sunday Times (3 March 1974) (with adaptations).
A. J. Parker, Irish way of voting, Geogr. Mag. (May 1973), 600.
G. Rowley, Electoral behaviour and electoral behaviour: a note on some recent developments in electoral geography, Prof. Geogr., 21 (1969), 398–9.
H. H. McCarty, quoted in E. N. Thomas, Maps of residuals from regression: their characteristics and uses in geographical research, Report no. 2, Dept. of Geography, State University of Iowa (1960).
K. R. Cox, Regional anomalies in the voting behavior of the population of England and Wales, 1921–1951, PhD thesis, University of Illinois (1967).
S. Humes and E. M. Martin, The Structure of Local Government throughout the World, The Hague (1961).
See B. H. Massam, The Spatial Structure of Administrative Systems, Assoc. Am. Geogr. Resource Papers, no. 12 (1972), for a further range of techniques.
J. Mitchell, Historical Geography, London (1954).
F. Doré, G. Dupuisand V. Chagny, Le Département, Paris (1963), p. 30.
R. Muir, The political geography of north-east Scotland, PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen (1970), 1–17.
K. B. Sajjadur Rasheed, An examination of the shapes of the administrative districts of Bangladesh, Geografiska Annaler, 44B (1972), 104–8.
P. Haggett, Locational Analysis in Human Geography, London (1965), p. 51.
P. O. Pedersen, On the geometry of administrative areas, MS report, Copenhagen (1967).
P. Haggett and R. J. Chorley, Network Analysis in Geography, London (1969).
K. W. Robinson, Sixty years of federation in Australia, Geogr. Rev., 51 (1961), 1–20.
See ref. 68, pp. 51–3.
See ref. 66.
See ref. 63, 27.
See ref. 63, 27.
1936 Constitution, chapter 2, articles 17, 18a and 18b respectively.
Main sources used were: ref. 43; R. E. H. Mellor, Geography of the USSR, London (1964);
J. C. Dewdney, Patterns and problems of regionalisation in the USSR, Durham University Research Paper Series, no. 8 (1967).
See ref. 63, 19–26; B. H. Massam, A test model of administrative areas, Geogr. Analysis, 3 (1971), 402–6.
See ref. 78.
Royal Commission on Local Government in England and Wales, 1966–1969, Report, hmso, London (1969).
D. Senior, Memorandum of Dissent, ref. 80, vol. 2, p. 66.
See ref. 53, pp. 49–50.
See ref. 63, 23.
See ref. 63, 10.
See ref. 63, 10.
See P. R. Gould and T. R. Leinbach, An approach to the geographic assignment of hospital services, Tidschrift voor Econ. en Soc. Geogr., 57 (1966), 203–6, for further developments of linear programming.
R. E. Dickinson, The City Region in Western Europe, London (1967), p. 389.
D. Senior, The Regional City, London (1968), p. 16.
J. R. James, Regions and regional planning, Geography, 54(1969), 130.
P. Hall, Geography illogical?, New Society (19 June 1969), 954.
R. Minshull, Regional Geography, London (1969), p. 61.
See ref. 87, p. 11.
See ref. 88.
See ref. 88.
See ref. 66.
W. S. Sanders, Municipalisation by provinces, Fabian Tracts, no. 126, New Heptarchy Series, no. 1 (1905).
C. B. Fawcett, The Provinces of England, London (1919); Natural divisions of England, Geogr. J., 49 (1917), 124–41; Regional boundaries in England and Wales, Assoc. of Planning and Reconstruction Broadsheet, no. 9(1942).
See ref. 97 (1919), p. 151.
S. Webb and B. Webb, A Constitution for the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain, London (1920).
G. D. H. Cole, The Future of Local Government, London (1921); The Future of Local Government, Pol. Q., 12 (1941), no. 4; Local and Regional Government, London (1947).
E. Ashby, Regional government, or the next step in public administration, Public Admin. (1929), 365ff; W. A. Robson, The Development of Regional Government, London (1931); ‘Regionaliter’, Regional government, Fabian Research Series, no. 63 (1942).
E. W. Gilbert and E. G. R. Taylor, Discussion on the geographical aspects of regional planning, Geogr. J., 99 (1942), no. 2.
V. D. Lipman, Local Government Areas, 1834–1945, Oxford (1949).
J. N. H. Douglas, Political geography and administrative areas: a method of assessing the effectiveness of local government areas, in Essays in Political Geography (ed. C. A. Fisher), London (1968).
Condensed from R. Muir, The evolution of theories for regional local government in England, Occasional Papers, no. 1, Dept. of Geography, Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology (1975).
M. Blackseil, Reformed England and Wales, Geogr. Mag. (March 1974), 239.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1981 Richard Muir
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Muir, R. (1981). Political regions and scale. In: Modern Political Geography. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-86076-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-86076-0_8
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-31128-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-86076-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)