Skip to main content

What Difference Does ‘Difference’ Make? Lesbian Experience of Work and Family Life

  • Chapter

Abstract

This chapter1 draws on an in-depth study of divisions of labour between lesbian parents to provide alternative insights into the reproduction of gender inequality in work and family life. By focusing on their experiences as women the study seeks to counter a tendency in academic feminism to treat lesbian experience as ‘other’ or ‘different’ (see discussion in Dunne, 1997a). A central premise informing the research is that the exploration of the circumstances of non-heterosexual people tell us as much about the workings of gender in the mainstream as it does about the experience of living ‘difference’.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Berk, S. F. (1985) The Gender Factory: The Apportionment of Work in American Households (New York: Plenum).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blaisure, K. and Allen, K. (1995) ‘Feminists and the Ideology and Practice of Marital Equality’, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, pp. 5–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumstein, P. and Schwartz, P. (1985) American Couples (New York: Pocket Books).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, H. (1989) Men’s Work, Women’s Work (Cambridge: Polity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brannen, J. and Moss, P. (1991) Managing Mothers: Dual Earner Households after Maternity Leave (London: Unwin Hyman).

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappuccini, G. (1996) ‘Role Division and Gender Role Attitudes: Couples Adjusting to the Arrival of their First Baby’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappuccini, G. and Cochran, R. (1996) ‘Role Division and Gender Role Attitudes: Couples Adjusting to the Arrival of their First Baby’, paper presented at the British Psychological Society Annual Conference, the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 16–18 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W. (1987) Gender and Power (Cambridge: Polity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dex, S. and Shaw, L. (1986) British and American Women and Work (London: Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doucet, A. (1991)’ striking a Balance: Gender Divisions of Labour in Housework, Childcare and Employment’, Working Paper no. 6, Sociological Research Group: University of Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doucet, A. (1995a) ‘Gender Equality, Gender Difference and Care’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doucet, A. (1995b) ‘Encouraging Voices: Towards More Creative Methods for Collecting Data on Gender and Household Labour’, in L. Morris and S. Lyon (eds), Gender Relations in the Public and the Private (London: Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, G. A. (1992) ‘Differences at Work: Perceptions of Work from a Non-Heterosexual Point of View’, in H. Hinds and J. Stacey (eds), New Directions in Women’s Studies in the 1990s (London: Falmer Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, G. A. (1997a) Lesbian Lifestyles: Women’s Work and the Politics of Sexuality (London: Macmillan).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, G. A. (1997b) ‘Why Can’t a Man Be More Like a Woman? In Search of Balanced Domestic and Employment Lives’, LSE Gender Institute Discussion Paper Series, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, G. A. (1998a) ‘“Pioneers Behind Our Own Front Doors”: Towards New Models in the Organization of Work in Partnerships’, Work, Employment and Society, 12(2), pp. 273–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, G. A. (1998b) ‘A Passion for “Sameness”? Sexuality and Gender Accountability’, in E. Silva and C. Smart (eds), The New Family? (London: Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, G. A. (1998c) ‘Add Sexuality and Stir: Towards a Broader Understanding of the Gender Dynamics of Work and Family Life’, in G. A. Dunne (ed.), Living ‘Difference’: Lesbian Experience of Work and Family Life (New York: Haworth Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, G. A. (1998d) ‘Opting into Motherhood: Lesbians blurring the boundaries and re-defining the meaning of parenting’, LSE Gender Institute Discussion Paper, Issue 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, G. A. (1999) ‘Balancing acts: Lesbian experience of work and family life’, in L. Sperling and M. Owen (eds), Women and Work: The Age of Post-Feminism? (Aldershot: Ashgate).

    Google Scholar 

  • Faderman, L. (1985) Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love between Women from the Renaissance to the Present (London: Women’s Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenstermaker, S., West, C. and Zimmerman, D. H. (1991) ‘Gender Inequality: New Conceptual Terrain’, in R. L. Blumberg (ed.), Gender, Family and Economy: The Triple Overlap (London: Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferri, E. and Smith, K. (1996) Parenting in the 1990s (London: Family Policy Studies Centre).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershuny, J. I. and Jones, S. (1987) ‘The Changing Work/Leisure Balance in Britain, 1961–84’, Sociological Review Monograph, 33, pp. 9–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, T. (1990) Feminist Mothers (London: Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregson, N. and Lowe, M. (1994) ‘Waged Domestic Labour and the Renegotiation of the Domestic Divisions of Labour within Dual-Career Households’, Sociology, 28(1), pp. 55–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregson, N. and Lowe, M. (1995) Servicing the Middle-Classes: Class, Gender and Waged Domestic Labour (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, D. F. (1988) The Construction of Homosexuality (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, L. (1990) ‘Parental Leave in Sweden’, Journal of Family Studies, December, pp. 403–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, H. (1981) ‘The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union’, in L. Sargent (ed.), Women and Revolution: A Discussion of the Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism (Boston, MA: South End Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, A. R. (1989) The Second Shift (New York: Avon Books).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. (1995) ‘Gender and Heterosexuality: a Materialist Feminist Analysis’, in M. Maynard and J. Purvis (eds), (Hetero) Sexual Politics (Bristol: Taylor & Francis).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys, S. (1997) ‘The Queer Disappearance of Lesbians’, in B. Mintz and E. D. Rothblum (eds), Lesbians in Academia (New York: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, H., Dale, A., Ward, C. and Davies, H. (eds), (1995) Dependence & Independence in the Finances of Women Aged 33 (London: Family Policy Studies Centre).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C., Wilkinson, S. and Perkins, K. (eds), (1992) ‘Heterosexuality: a Special Issue’, Feminism and Psychology, 3(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • La Rosa, R. (1998) ‘Fatherhood and Social Change’, Family Relations, 37, pp. 451–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lees, S. (1986) Losing Out: Sexuality and Adolescent Girls (London: Hutchinson Education).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. and O’Brien, M. (eds), (1987) Reassessing Fatherhood: New Observations on Fathers and the Modern Family (London: Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, P. and Collard, J. (1988) The Beginning of the Rest of Your Life: A Portrait of Newly Wed Marriage (London: Macmillan).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, M. and Purvis, J. (eds), (1995) (Hetero)Sexual Politics (Bristol: Taylor & Francis).

    Google Scholar 

  • McRae, S. (1986) Cross-Class Families: A Study of Wives’ Occupational Superiority (Oxford: Clarendon Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Melhuish, E. and Moss, P. (eds), (1991) Day Care for Young Children: International Perspectives (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, L. (1990) The Workings of the Household (Cambridge: Polity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, L. (1995) Social Divisions: Economic Decline and Social Structural Change (London: UCL Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oerton, S. (1998) ‘Reclaiming the “Housewife”? Lesbians and Household Work’, in G. A. Dunne (ed.), Living ‘Difference’: Lesbian Experience of Work and Family Life (New York: Haworth Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1997) Social Trends 27 (London: HMSO).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortner, S. B. and Whitehead, H. (eds), (1981) Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pateman, C. (1988) The Sexual Contract (Cambridge: Polity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peace, H. F. (1993) ‘The Pretended Family — a Study of the Divisions of Domestic Labour in Lesbian Families’, Leicester University Discussion Papers in Sociology, no. S93/3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peplau, L. A. and Cochran, S. D. (1990) ‘A Relationship Perspective in Homosexuality’, in D. McWhirter, D. D. Sanders and J. M. Reinisch (eds), Homosexuality/Heterosexuality: Concepts of Sexuality (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleck, J. H. (1985) Working Wives, Working Husbands (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. (1984) ‘On Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence’, in A. Snitow, C. Stansell and S. Thompson (eds), Desire: The Politics of Sexuality (London: Virago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, G. (1975) ‘The Traffic in Women: Notes on the “Political Economy” of Sex’, in R. R. Reiter (ed.), Towards an Anthropology of Women (London: Monthly Review Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, L. (1994) Straight Sex: The Politics of Pleasure (London: Virago).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, J. (1992a) ‘“Not a Manly Thing To Do?” Gender Accountability and the Division of Domestic Labour’, in G. A. Dunne, R. M. Blackburn and J. Jarman (eds), Inequalities in Employment, Inequalities in Home-Life. Conference Proceedings for Cambridge Social Stratification Seminar, 9–10 September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, J. (1992b) ‘“No Time to Call My Own”: Women’s Time as a Household Resource’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 15(2), pp. 187–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, B. (1992) Women, Men and Time: Gender Differences in Paid Work, Housework and Leisure (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L., Epstein, D. and Johnson, R. (eds), (1997) Border Patrols: Policing the Boundaries of Heterosexuality (London: Cassell).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tasker, F. and Golombok, S. (1998) ‘The Role of Co-Mothers in Planned Lesbian-led Families’, in G. A. Dunne (ed.), Living ‘Difference’: Lesbian Experience of Work and Family Life (New York: Haworth Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • VanEvery, J. (1995) Heterosexual Women Changing the Family: Refusing to be a ‘Wife’! (London: Taylor & Francis).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walby, S. (1990) Theorizing Patriarchy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walby, S. (1997) Gender Transformations (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • West, C. and Zimmerman, D. (1991) ‘Doing Gender’, in J. Lorber and S. Farrell (eds), The Social Construction of Gender (London: Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheelock, J. (1990) Husbands at Home: The Domestic Economy in a Post-Industrial Society (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 1999 British Sociological Association

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dunne, G.A. (1999). What Difference Does ‘Difference’ Make? Lesbian Experience of Work and Family Life. In: Seymour, J., Bagguley, P. (eds) Relating Intimacies. Explorations in Sociology. British Sociological Association Conference Volume Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27683-7_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics