Abstract
During the twenty years since the end of the Vietnamese War against the United States, fundamental changes have occurred in Vietnam, especially after Vietnam adopted a policy of renovation and the cold war came to an end. These developments, together with recent historical research on the war and access to formerly secret documents, have bettered conditions for more comprehensive studies of a war which, in the history of both the US and Vietnam was long, severe and traumatic. Still, the legacy and the memory of the suffering of several generations of Vietnamese people continue to influence their thinking about the history of the war. It has therefore been difficult to develop an unbiased assessment in Vietnam of relations with the US, which, in the eyes of many Vietnamese people, was always hostile to their nationalist aspirations.
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Notes and References
T. Hoopes, as cited in Leslie H. Gelb and Richard K. Betts The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked (Washington, 1979) p. 22.
For further accounts, see Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990 (New York 1991) p. 103;
Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam (London 1990 ).
See Mark Bradley, in Jayne Werner and Luu Doan Huynh (eds), The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives (New York, 1993) ch. 1.
See Chen Jian, ‘China and the First Indochina War’, China Quarterly, no. 133 (March 1993) pp. 93–5.
For more debate, see Robert Garson The United States and China Since 1949, (London, 1994) p. 41.
Quang LoiOn the Last 8 Years of Implementing the Geneva Accords in Vietnam (Hanoi, 1962) pp. 10–11.
Bui Dinh Thanh, Vietnam: 45 Years of Combating, Constructing and Renovating (Hanoi 1990) p. 49.
Geir Lundestad, East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics, 1945–1990 (Oslo 1994) ch. 4, pp. 101–21.
Nguyen Khac Vien, Contemporary Vietnam (Hanoi 1981) p. 173.
Nguyen Huu Tho, ‘The National Liberation Front: A Founding Part of the Vietnamese History’, in Vietnamese Father Front, Under the Same Banner (Hanoi, 1993) p. 16.
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See George Herring, America’s Longest War: United States and Vietnam, 1950–19751st ed. (New York 1979) pp. 73–5.
Le Duan, ‘Letter to Muoi Cuc [Nguyen Van Linh]’, Letters to the South (Hanoi, 1985) p. 60.
For example, see Thomas McCormick, America’s Half-Century: United States Foreign Policy in the cold war ( Baltimore, MD, 1989 ) p. 150.
Geir Lundestad, East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics, 1945–1990 p. 123; George McT. Kahin, Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam (New York, 1987) p. 397.
See Jeffrey Kimball, ‘How Wars End: The Vietnam War’, Peace & Change, 20 (January 1995) p. 191.
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Richard H. Shultz Jr, The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices and Regional Comparison (Stanford, 1988 ) pp. 46–76.
For the latest account on the issue, see Robert Dallek, ‘Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam: The Making of a Tragedy’, Diplomatic History vol. 20, no. 2 (Spring 1990) pp. 147–62.
Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York, 1994) p. 685.
George Herring, LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War (Austin, 1994) p. 177.
See Robert S. McNamara In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York, 1995).
William Shawcross Sideshow: Nixon, Kissinger and the Destruction of Cambodia (New York 1979) p. 87.
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© 1998 Ngo Vinh Long
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Tung, N.V. (1998). Coping with the United States: Hanoi’s Search for an Effective Strategy. In: Lowe, P. (eds) The Vietnam War. Problems in Focus: Manchester. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26949-5_3
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