Abstract
In America, the years 1903 and 1904 were a triumph for the aspirations of Neo-Hamiltonian Republicans. At home there was continued progress towards stronger Federal Government organised on professional business principles, while overseas Anglo-American friendship continued to develop as suspicion of Japan and Germany intensified. The implementation of Root’s military reforms, however, were threatened by over-confident reformers, continued staff bureaux and congressional hostility, and ignorance of how to use a war college and general staff. General Miles persisted in criticising administration policies in the Philippines and even his retirement proved controversial. In 1904 Brigadier-General Fred C. Ainsworth emerged as the new arch critic of army reform while Root retired as secretary of war. The presidential election secured Roosevelt a full term as president, despite Democratic charges of imperialism and militarism.
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Notes
R. Bacon and J.B. Scott, The Military and Colonial Policy of the United States: Addresses and Reports by Elihu Root, (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1916), p. 121.
J. Gooch, The Plans of War The General Staff and British Military Strategy, (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974), p. 34.
Editorial, ‘Congress and the Army and Navy,’ Army and Navy Journal Vol. 40 (5 March 1903), p. 663.
S.C. Miller, Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines 1899–1903, (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 257–8.
K.J. Clymer, John Hay The Gentleman as Diplomat, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1975), p. 192.
H.P. Ball, Of Responsible Command. A History of the Army War College, (Carlisle PA: Alumni Assoc. US Army War College, 1984), pp. 90–1.
W.H. Carter, The Life of Lieutenant General Chaffee, (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1917), pp. 264–8.
M.E. Deutrich, Struggle for Supremacy, The Career of General Fred C. Ainsworth (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1962), pp. 23–36 and pp. 62–3.
O.L. Nelson, National Security and the General Staff, (Washington, DC: Infantry Journal Press, 1947), pp. 80–3.
P.E. Coletta, The Presidency of William Howard Taft, (Lawrence KA: University of Kansas Press, 1973), p. 36;
J. Weinstein, The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State 1900–1918, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), pp. 41–4.
H.F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft, Vol. 1 (New York: Farrar and Rhinehart, 1939), p. 264.
P. Duus ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 219–25;
J.N. Westwood, Evidence and Endeavour (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 140–4.
P.E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan Political Evangelist 1860–1908, (Lincoln NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), pp. 334–8.
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© 1998 Ronald J. Barr
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Barr, R.J. (1998). America and the Continued Extension of the White Man’s Burden. In: The Progressive Army. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26888-7_6
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