Abstract
In September 1994 American troops landed in Haiti, nearly 80 years after the US had first dispatched its armed forces to seize control of the tiny Caribbean country. In both cases, American soldiers were sent to help reshape a political order that the US found objectionable. But there were also vast differences between the two operations. The first engagement occurred at a time when great powers could act with virtual impunity in their self-assigned spheres of influence, and American forces occupied Haiti for nearly two decades. The recent involvement bore the hallmarks of the post-Cold War world with its emphasis on short collective ventures into the domestic affairs of a foreign state. Acting with the international community’s blessing, US troops spent only a few months in Haiti.
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Notes
Dana G. Munro, Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean 1900–1921, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1964, pp. 328–52
Gaddis Smith, ‘Haiti: From intervention to intervasion’, Current History, Vol. 94(589), February 1995, p. 54, and ‘Haiti: Introductory survey’, The Europa World Year Book 1995, Vol. I, Europa Publications, London, 1995, p. 1416.
Dana G. Munro, p. 331, and Anthony P. Maingot, ‘Haiti: The political rot within’, Current History, Vol. 94(589), February 1995, p. 59, and Karin von Hippel, ‘Democratisation as foreign policy: the case of Haiti’, The World Today, Vol. 51(1), January 1995, p. 12.
Ibid., pp. 368–87, and Gaddis Smith, p. 55. Also see Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 1971
Ludwell Montague, Haiti and the United States 1714–1938, Duke University Press, Durham, 1940, pp. 209–92, and David Healy, Gunboat Diplomacy in the Wilson Era: The U.S. Navy in Haiti, 1915–1916, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1976.
‘Haiti: Introductory survey’, p. 1416, and Gaddis Smith, p. 56. For elaborate accounts of Papa Doc Duvalier’s rule, see Robert I. Rotberg, Haiti: The Politics of Squalor, Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston, 1971
Herbert Gold, Best Nightmare on Earth: A Life in Haiti, Grafton Books, London, 1991
Elizabeth Abbott, Haiti: The Duvaliers and their Legacy, Robert Hale, London, 1988, pp. 48–159, and Bernard Diederich and Al Burt, Papa Doc: Haiti and its Dictator, The Bodley Head, London, 1969.
Brenda G. Plummer, Haiti and the United States: The Psychological Moment, University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA, 1992, pp. 181–208.
‘Haiti: Introductory survey’, pp.1416–7; Pamela Constable, ‘Dateline Haiti: Caribbean stalemate’, Foreign Policy, No. 89, Winter 1992–3, pp. 176–7, and Brenda G. Plummer, pp. 228–30.
Karin von Hippel, p. 12, and W. Michael Reisman, ‘Haiti and the validity of international action’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89(1), January 1995, p. 82.
W. Michael Reisman, ‘Haiti and the validity of international action’, pp. 82–3. For a contrary view on the invocation of Chapter VII in the case of Haiti, see Michael J. Glennon, ‘Sovereignty and community after Haiti: Rethinking the collective use of force’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89(1), January 1995, pp. 70–4.
Larry Rohter, ‘2 Slain by Attaches on Aristide’s first ful day back’, The New York Times, 17 October 1994; ‘Haiti: Return of Aristide hailed after three-year exile’, UN Chronicle, Vol. 32(1), March 1995, p. 6; ‘Haiti: Multinational Force replaced by UN peace-keepers’, UN Chronicle, Vol. 32(2), June 1995, p. 6, and ‘Haiti: Introductory survey’, p. 1419.
Anthony P. Maingot, ‘Haiti: The political rot within’, pp. 63–4, and James Ridgeway (ed.), The Haiti Files: Decoding the Crisis, Essential Books, Washington DC, 1994, pp. 163–9.
Gaddis Smith, pp. 57–8; Richard N. Haass, ‘Military force: A user’s guide’, Foreign Policy, No. 96, Fall 1994, p. 29; Karin von Hippel, p. 13; Pamela Constable, ‘Dateline Haiti: Caribbean stalemate’, pp. 183–7; James Ridgeway (ed.), pp. 56–63; Tom Masland, ‘How did we get there?’, Newsweek, 26 September 1994; Michael Kramer, ‘The case for intervention’, Time, 26 September 1994, and Lawrence van Gelder, ‘A mood of unbridled joy among Haitians in the U.S.’, The New York Times, 11 October 1994.
Anthony T. Bryan, ‘Haiti: Kick starting the economy’, Current History, Vol. 94(589), February 1995, p. 67.
Pamela Constable, ‘A fresh start for Haiti?’ Current History, Vol. 95(598), February 1996, p. 69.
Anthony P. Maingot, ‘Haiti: The political rot within’, pp. 59–64. Also see Maingot, ‘Haiti and Aristide: The legacy of history’, Current History, Vol. 91(562), February 1992, pp. 65–9.
Sidney W. Mintz, ‘Can Haiti change?’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74(1), January/ February 1995, pp. 73–86.
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© 1998 Deon Geldenhuys
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Geldenhuys, D. (1998). Haiti. In: Foreign Political Engagement. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26758-3_11
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