Abstract
The serious study of transatlantic intellectual, cultural and religious relations began in the 1940s and 1950s with the classic accounts of Brebner and Thistlethwaite which set them within the development of an Atlantic economy expanding greatly in the first half of the nineteenth century. Economic links were enriched by mercantile religious networks, friendships, visits and exchange of information through both formal writings and private correspondence. Despite recognizing differences between Britain and North American societies and cultures this founding historiography was patently influenced by the wartime Anglo-American alliance and the Cold War. It provided a historical and cultural dimension to the ideological conviction of the linked destiny of North America and western Europe. Similarity of values and practices arose from the movement of people as well as the economic and other networks. The classic studies showed a particular interest in mutual influences and collaboration; North America, Brebner concluded, could not be explained in purely continentalist terms. Equally, Thistlethwaite argued, sectors of the British population were peculiarly open to American influences and models of activity in pursuit of political reform and social improvement. Scholars assigned to denominational religious connections special importance in grappling with social issues. More recent scholarship continues to underline the largely harmonious religious, voluntarist, self-help tradition linking the North Atlantic world.1
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John Bartlett Brebner, The North Atlantic Triangle. The Interplay of Canada, the United States and Great Britain (New Haven, 1945)
Frank Thistlethwaite, America and the Atlantic Community. Anglo-American Aspects, 1790–1850 (Philadelphia 1959)
Betty Fladeland, Men and Brothers. Anglo-American Antislavery Cooperation (Urbana, 1972)
Bernard Aspinwall, Portable Utopia, Glasgow and the United States, 1820–1920 (Aberdeen, 1984).
C. Duncan Rice, The Scots Abolitionists, 1833–1861 (Baton Rouge, LA. and London, 1981)
David Turley, The Culture of English Antislavery, 1780–1860 (London, 1991).
Monthly Repository, Oct. 1831, quoted in David Steers, ‘The Origin and Development of the Domestic Mission Movement especially in Liverpool and Manchester’, Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society [TUHS], 21, no. 2, April 1996, pp. 79–103; Christian Teacher, I, 1835, p. 326; Reports addressed to the Liverpool Domestic Mission Society by their Ministers of the Poor (London and Liverpool, 1859), pp. 94–5; Lant Carpenter intro. to Joseph Tuckerman, Christian Service to the Poor in Cities, Unconnected with any Religious Denomination (Bristol, 1839), pp. i–ii
[Francis Bishop], Report presented to the Fourteenth General Meeting of the Liverpool Domestic Mission Society, by their Minister to the Poor (London and Liverpool, 1851), pp. 4–14
[Francis Bishop], Report addressed to the Liverpool Domestic Mission Society by their Minister to the Poor (London and Liverpool, 1856)
R. K. Webb, ‘The Unitarian background’, in Barbara Smith (ed.), Truth, Liberty, Religion. Essays Celebrating Two Hundred Years of Manchester College (Oxford, 1986), p. 23
John K. Walton and Alastair Wilcox (eds.), Low Life and Moral Improvement in Mid-Victorian England. Liverpool through the Journalism of Hugh Shimmin (Leicester, 1991), p. 4; Aspinwall, Portable Utopia, pp. 20–1.
Howard M. Wach, ‘Unitarian philanthropy and cultural hegemony in comparative perspective: Manchester and Boston, 1827–1848’, Journal of Social History, 26 (1992–3), p. 539
[Mary Carpenter], Memoir of Joseph Tuckerman D.D. of Boston [U.S.] (London, 1849), pp. 67–73
Anna Letitia Le Breton (ed.), Correspondence of William Ellery Channing D.D. and Lucy Aikin from 1826 to 1842 (London and Edinburgh, 1874), pp. 200–1; The Christian Teacher, 1st vol., N.S., 1839, no. III; 2nd vol., N.S., 1840, nos. 9, 10
William E. Channing, The Obligation of a City to Care and Watch Over the Moral Health of its Members: with remarks on the life and character of the Rev. Dr. Tuckerman, founder of the Ministry at large (Glasgow, 1841).
Joseph Tuckerman, A Letter to the Executive Committee of the Benevolent Fraternity of Churches respecting their organization for the support of the Ministry at Large in Boston (Boston, 1834), pp. 1–3, 9–12; Mr. Tuckerman’s Third Quarterly Report addressed to the American Unitarian Association (Boston, 1827).
E. E. Hale ed. and intro., Joseph Tuckerman on the Elevation of the Poor. A Selection from his Reports as Minister at Large in Boston (Boston, 1874), pp. 105–8; [Mary Carpenter], Memoir, pp. 50–5, 86, 96.
John James Tayler to Charles Wicksteed, 8 Oct. 1842 in John Hamilton Thom (ed.), Letters Embracing His Life of John James Tayler, B.A., 2 vols. (London, 1872), vol. I, p. 202; Lant Carpenter intro. to Tuckerman, Christian Service, p. ii, Turley, English Antislavery, pp. 88–9.
Steers, ‘Origin’, pp. 81–2; Boyd Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795–1865 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 58–9.
Joseph Tuckerman, An Essay on the Wages Paid to Females for their labour in the form of a letter from a gentleman in Boston to his friend in Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1830), pp. 9–11, 12–14, 25, 35–11.
William E. Channing, Lectures on the Elevation of the Labouring Portion of the Population of the Community (Bristol and London, 1840), pp. 9–44; Channing, The Obligation of a City, p. 18; Hale (ed.), Tuckerman, pp. 36–43, 142–4, 153–5, 160–8, 174–84; Mr. Tuckerman’s First Semiannual Report of the Second Year of his Service (Boston, 1828), pp. 3–14.
John Hamilton Thom, Spiritual Blindness and Social Disruption. A Sermon preached in Essex Street Chapel, May 3, 1849, on behalf of the London Domestic Mission Society (London, 1849), pp. 19–23; John James Tayler to Hannah Tayler, 21 July 1830 in Thom (ed.), Tayler, p. 88
John James Tayler, Humanity, an Universal Claim to Honour and Sympathy. A Discourse preached before the friends and supporters of the Domestic Mission in the Chapel in Jewin Street, London on Thursday June 20, 1838 (London, 1838), pp. 9–10, 19–23
John James Tayler, The Value of Individual Effort. A Discourse, delivered in the School Room at Cleator Mill near Whitehaven, Cumberland. June 29th 1851 (London, 1851), pp. 4–5; Tayler, Humanity, pp. 13–15
John H. Thom, Preventive Justice and Palliative Charity; or, Wisdom for the Future and Mercy for the Present. A Sermon Preached in Renshaw Street Chapel, Sunday Nov 30, 1845 on behalf of the Liverpool Dispensaries (London, 1845), pp. 13–16, 19–20.
Thomas Chalmers, The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns, vol. 1 (Glasgow, 1821). In addition to Chalmers I have depended for my understanding of evangelical attitudes to poverty on Boyd Hilton, Age of Atonement, and
Donald Winch, Riches and Poverty. An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750–1834 (Cambridge, 1996).
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Turley, D. (1998). The Anglo-American Unitarian Connection and Urban Poverty. In: Cunningham, H., Innes, J. (eds) Charity, Philanthropy and Reform. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26681-4_11
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