Skip to main content

Gender Relations in Physical Education Initial Teacher Education

  • Chapter
Researching Women and Sport

Abstract

Like many other feminist research projects, mine grew from the links I began to make some years ago between my experiences and concerns as a lecturer in initial teacher education (ITE) in physical education (PE) and my developing understanding of, and commitment to, feminism.1 Access to feminist theories as part of my Master of Arts studies in 1984 helped me to understand the processes by which gender inequalities are reproduced in and through schooling. Importantly, I was also alerted to the critical role teachers can play in challenging and resisting these processes, and as a result began to question my own role as a teacher educator. Without an awareness and understanding of gender relations and how these may be transmitted through schooling and PE, students will be unable to adopt strategies to challenge these in their own teaching. Certainly my own training in the late 1970s had not included any attention to these issues! I began to question the extent to which my own institution of higher education was raising these issues with students, given that there is now over a decade of feminist research and writing on education and schooling on which it is possible to draw. However, as well as recognising what intending teachers were taught — the curriculum content — I was also very conscious of the ways in which gender was influencing and structuring classroom interactions at ITE level, including those in my own teaching groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Acker, J., Barry, K. and Esseveld, S. (1983) ‘Objectivity and Truth; Problems in Doing Feminist Research’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 6, 4, pp. 423–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. J. (1981) ‘Case Study Research in Education: Some Notes and Problems’ in Hammersley, M. (Ed.) The Ethnography of Schooling, Nafferton: Driffield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. J. (1984) ‘Beachside Reconsidered: Reflection of a Methodological Apprenticeship’ in Burgess, R. (Ed) The Research Process in Educational Settings: Ten Case Studies, London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benyon, J. (1983) ‘Ways In and Staying In: Fieldwork as Problem Solving’ in Hammersley, M. (Ed.) The Ethnography of Schooling, Driffield: Nafferton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles, G. and Duelli Klein, R. (Eds) (1983) Theories of Women’s Studies, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brittan, A. (1989) Masculinity and Power, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canaan, J. and Griffin, C. (1990) ‘Men’s Studies: Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution?’ in Hearn, J. and Morgan, D. (Eds) Men, Masculinities and Social Theory, London: Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R. W. (1987) Gender and Power, Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. A. and Fonow, M. M. (1986) ‘Knowing, and Women’s Interests; Issues of Epistemology and Methodology in Feminist Sociological Research’ Sociological Enquiry, 56, 1, pp. 2–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curry, T. J. (1991) ‘Fraternal bonding in the locker room; a profeminist analysis of talk about competition and women’, Sociology of Sport, 8, pp. 119–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, L. (1985) ‘Ethnography and Status: Focussing on Gender in Educational Research’ in Burgess, R. G. (Ed.) Field Methods in the Study of Education, London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) (1989) Formal Investigation Report: Initial Teacher Education in England and Wales, Manchester: EOC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, J. (1989) ‘Swinging From the Crossbar: Equality and Opportunity in the Physical Education Curriculum’, British Journal of Physical Education, 20, 2, pp. 84–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, S. (1984) Women First: The Female Tradition in English Physical Education, 1880–1980, London: Athlone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, J. (1984) ‘Its Great to Have Someone to Talk to: The Ethics and Politics of Interviewing Women’ in Bell, C. and Roberts, H. (Eds) Social Researching: Politics, Problems and Practice, London: RKP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flintoff, A. (1993a) One of the Boys? An Ethnographic Study of Gender Relations, Coeducation and Initial Teacher Education in Physical Education’. Unpublished PhD thesis, School of Education, Milton Keynes: Open University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flintoff, A. (1993b) ‘One of the Boys? Gender Identities in Physical Education Initial Teacher Education’ in Siraj Blatchford, I. (Ed.) Race, Gender and the Education of Teachers, Milton Keynes: Open University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greed, C. (1990) ‘The Professional and the Personal: A Study of Women Quantity Surveyors’ in Stanley, L. (Ed.) Feminist Praxis: Research, Theory and Epistemology in Feminist Sociology, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, C. (1985) Typical Girls? Young Women From the School to the Job Market, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (1983) (Eds) Ethnography: Principles in Practice, London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley, M. (1989) The Dilemmas of Qualitative Method: Herbert Blumer and the Chicago tradition, London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, S. (1986) The Science Question in Feminism, Milton Keynes: Open University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, S. (1987) ‘Is There a Feminist Method’ in Harding, S. (Ed.) Feminism and Methodology, Milton Keynes: Open University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. and Ramazanoglu, C. (1994) ‘Coming to Conclusions: Power and Interpretation in Researching Young Women’s Sexuality’ in Maynard M. and Purvis, J. (Eds) Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective, London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humberstone, B. (1986) ‘Learning for a Change: A Study of Gender and Schooling in Outdoor Education’ in Evans, J. (Ed.) PE, Sport and Schooling — Studies in the Sociology of Physical Education, Lewes: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humberstone, B. (1990) ‘Warriors or Wimps? Creating Alternative Forms of Physical Education’ in Messner, M. and Sabo, D. (Eds) Sport, Men and the Gender Order: Critical Feminist Perspectives, Champaign, IL.: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, L., Burton, S. and Regan, L. (1994) ‘Researching Women’s Lives or Studying Women’s Oppression? Reflections on What Constitutes Feminist Research’ in Maynard, M. and Purvis, J. (Eds) Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective, London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, S., Ashenden, D., Connell, B. and Dowsett, G. (1987) ‘Gender Relations in Secondary Schooling’ in Arnot M. and Weiner, G. (Eds) Gender and the Politics of Schooling, London: Hutchinson/Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahony, P. (1985) School for the Boys? Coeducation Reassessed, London: Hutchinson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, M. (1994) ‘Methods, Practice and Epistemology; The Debate About Feminism and Research’ in Maynard M. and Purvis, J. (Eds) Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective, London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, M. and Purvis, J. (Eds) Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective, London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRobbie, A. (1982) The Politics of Feminist Research; Between Talk, Text and Action’, Feminist Review, 12, pp. 46–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messner, M. (1993) Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity, Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakley, A. (1981) ‘Interviewing Women; A Contradiction in Terms’ in Roberts, H. (Ed.) Doing Feminist Research, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramazanoglu, C. (1989) Feminism and the Contradiction of Oppression, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, H. (1981) ‘Women and their doctors; power and powerlessness in the research process’ in Roberts, H. (Ed.) Doing Feminist Research, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scraton, S. (1989) ‘Shaping up to Womanhood: a Study of the Relationship between Gender and Girls’ PE in a City Based Local Education Authority’. Unpublishd PhD thesis, Milton Keynes: Open University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scraton, S. (1994) ‘The Changing World of Women and Leisure; Feminism, Postfeminism and Leisure’, Leisure Studies, 13, 4, pp. 249–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scraton, S. and Flintoff, A. (1992) ‘Feminist Research and Physical Education’ in Sparkes, A. (Ed.) Research in Physical Education and Sport: Exploring Alternative Visions, London: Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S. (1984) ‘The Personable and the Powerful: Gender and Status in Social Research’ in Bell, C. and Roberts, H. (Eds) Social Researching: Politics, Problems and Practice, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skeggs, B. (1994) ‘Situating the Production of Feminist Ethnography’ in Maynard, M. and Purvis, J. (Eds) Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective, London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelton, A. (1993) ‘On Being a Male Physical Education Teacher; The Informal Culture of Students and the Construction of Hegemonic Masculinity’, Gender and Education, 5, 3, pp. 291–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smart, C. (1984) The Ties that Bind: Law, Marriage and the Reproduction of Patriarchal Relations, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanko, E. (1994) ‘Dancing with Denial; Researching Women and Questioning Men’ in Maynard, M. and Purvis, J. (Eds) Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective, London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, L. and Wise, S. (1979) ‘Feminist Research, Feminist Consciousness and Experience of Sexism’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 2, pp. 359–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, L. (Ed.) Feminist Praxis: Research, Theory and Epistemology in Feminist Sociology, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, L. and Wise, S. (1983) Breaking Out, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, L. and Wise, S. (1990) ‘Method, methodology and epistemology in feminist research’ in Stanley, L. (Ed.) Feminist Praxis: Research, Theory and Epistemology in Feminist Sociology, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, L. and Wise, S. (1993) Breaking Out Again; Feminist Ontology and Epistemology, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, C. A. (1988) Gender Issues in Field Research, California: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, G. (1994) Feminisms in Education: An Introduction, Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westcott, M. (1979) ‘Feminist criticisms of the social sciences’, Harvard Educational Review, 49, 4, pp. 422–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, W. F. (1955) Street Comer Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, P. (1981, 2nd ed.) learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs, Farnborough: Saxon House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, P. (1986) Inside Schools: Ethnography in Educational Research, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Gill Clarke Barbara Humberstone

Copyright information

© 1997 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Flintoff, A. (1997). Gender Relations in Physical Education Initial Teacher Education. In: Clarke, G., Humberstone, B. (eds) Researching Women and Sport. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25317-3_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics