Abstract
From early 1977 to March 1978, tensions mounted between Cambodia and Vietnam and the great power backers of each. With the limited Vietnamese invasion in December 1977 and Cambodia’s subsequent public denunciation of Vietnam, they intensified by a quantum leap. Although Western states took pains not to get involved in the dispute, maintaining neutrality was an impossibility. This was especially true for a great power with such widespread interests as the United States. As Washington, under the newly inaugurated Carter administration, began to move towards closer relations with China, this was necessarily a step away from neutrality in the Sino-Soviet global dispute, and towards a more hostile position vis-à-vis the USSR. Taken to its logical conclusion, it was also a step which gave Washington and Phnom Penh a similar interest in opposing the extension of Soviet and Vietnamese power in Southeast Asia.
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Notes
Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Orlando, FL, 2nd edn, 1973), p. 424.
See also Rosemary H. T. O’Kane, “Cambodia in the Zero Years: Rudimentary Totalitarianism”, Third World Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4 (November 1993), pp. 735–48.
Finnish Inquiry Commission, Kampuchea in the Seventies (Helsinki, 1982), p. 27.
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (London, 1983), p. 195. See also, “Reply by the President (Carter) to a Question Asked at a News Conference, May 12, 1977”, Doc. 503, in American Foreign Policy Basic Documents, 1977–1980, p. 964.
Michel Oksenberg, “A Decade of Sino-American Relations”, Foreign Affairs, vol. 61, no. 1 (Autumn 1982), p. 182
Jaw-ling Joanne Chang, United States-China Normalization: An Evaluation of Foreign Policy Decision Making (Denver, CO, 1986), p. 39.
Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 31 December 1977, p. h6; see also Phnom Penh Domestic Service, 23 January 1978, FBIS, 24 January 1978, p. h5.
Vietnam News Agency, 31 December 1977, FBIS, 3 January 1978, pp. k2–k3
Hanoi Domestic Service, 1 January 1978, FBIS, 3 January 1978, p. k4
Hanoi Domestic Service, 1 January 1978, FBIS, 3 January 1978, pp. k5–k6
Hanoi International Service, 3 January 1978, FBIS, 3 January 1978, pp. k9–k10
Vietnam News Agency, 6 January 1978, FBIS, 6 January 1978, p. k4.
Hanoi Domestic Service, 6 January 1978, FBIS, 6 January 1978, p. k1; Los Angeles Times, 2 January 1978; New York Times, 7 January 1978.
Hanoi Domestic Service, 7 January 1978, FBIS, 9 January 1978, p. k11
Hanoi International Service, 12 January 1978, BBC, SWB, FE5713/A3/6, 14 January 1978.
Hanoi International Service, 1 February 1978, FBIS, 2 February 1978, p. k2; Chanda, Brother Enemy, pp. 219–25.
Hanoi Home Service. 21 February 1978, BBC. SWB, FE 5747/A3/1, 23 February 1978; New York Times, 22 February 1978, 23 February 1978; The Times, 22 February 1978.
See Marian Kirsch Leighton, “Perspectives on the Vietnam-Cambodia Border Conflict”, Asian Survey, vol. 18, no. 5 (May 1978), pp. 448–57.
Geng Biao, “Report on the Situation in the Indochinese Peninsula, 16 January 1979”, US Joint Publication Research Service. JPRS 77074 (1980), p. 9; The Times, 15 February 1978; Los Angeles Times, 3 March 1978; Chanda, Brother Enemy, p. 212; Evans and Rowley, Red Brotherhood, p. 156.
Vietnam News Agency, 10 January 1978, FBIS, 11 January 1978, p. k1
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Bangkok Home Service, 2 December 1977, BBC, SWB, FE 5683/A3/4, 3 December 1977; Nair, Words, pp. 83–4.
Britain was, at this time, cutting its defence budget sharply and reducing the levels of its overseas commitments. According to Devillers, Asian affairs in general was considered “non-essential” under the Valéry Giscard d’Estaing presidency in France. Michael Carver, Tightrope Walking: British Defense Policy Since 1945 (London, 1992), pp. 105–17
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For a discussion of the often conflicting nature of these two interests, see Stanley Hoffman, “The Hell of Good Intentions”, Foreign Policy, no. 29 (Winter 1977–78), pp. 7–9; Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London, 1977), pp. 88–9.
Stéphane Groueff, “The Nation as Concentration Camp”, National Review, vol. 29, no. 34, 2 September 1977, p. 989. This article also appeared in France-Soir.
Jean Morice, Du Sourire a L’Horreur (Paris, 1977)
Prasith Sam and Pierre Max, Cambodge du Silence (Paris, 1977). See also Bulletin D’Information Sur le Cambodge, July–September 1985.
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Ben Kiernan, “Vietnam and the Governments and People of Kampuchea”, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, vol. II, no. 4 (October–December 1979), p. 19.
Der Spiegel, 10 May 1977; David Boggett, “Democratic Kampuchea and Human Rights: Correcting the Record”, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. XIV, no. 18 (5 May 1979), p. 817.
Warren Christopher, Speech to National Media Conference, Washington, DC, 18 January 1978, in US Submission to UN Commission on Human Rights, 6 July 1978, New York Times, 19 January 1978.
Jimmy Carter, “Speech on Human Purposes in Foreign Policy (1977)”, in Walter Lacquer and Barry Rubin (eds), The Human Rights Reader (New York, 1979), p. 307.
Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986), p. 57.
Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal (London, 1979), p. 277. In a letter to Representative Solarz, Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations Douglas Bennet claimed that the State Department had no reason to believe that even the “highest level approach” from the US to the PRC would convince the PRC that they should or could put pressure on the Cambodians to change their behavior. Douglas Bennet to Stephen Solarz, 22 March 1978, FOIA P780051–100, declassified 2 May 1995.
See Adam Roberts, “Humanitarian War: Military Intervention and Human Rights”, International Affairs, vol. 69, no. 3 (July 1993), pp. 429–50; Vincent, Nonintervention, pp. 188–280.
See Peter Baehr and Leon Gordenker, The United Nations: Reality and Ideal (New York, 1984)
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Howard Tolley, “Decision-Making at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 1979–82”, Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 1, (February 1983), p. 28.
Glenn A. Mower, Jr, The United States, The United Nations, and Human Rights: The Eleanor Roosevelt and Jimmy Carter Eras (Westport, CT, 1979), p. 162; Owen, Human Rights, pp. 24, 109; Tolley, UN Commission, p. 98.
Tom J. Farer and Felice Gaer, “The UN and Human Rights: At the End of the Beginning”, in Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury (eds), United Nations, Divided World (Oxford, 2nd edn, 1993), pp. 269–88
Howard Tolley, The UN Commission on Human Rights (Boulder, CO, 1987), p. 67.
Philip Alston, “Critical Appraisal of the UN Human Rights Regime”, in Philip Alston (ed.), The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal (Oxford, 1992), p. 163.
Richard L. Jackson, The Non-Aligned, the UN, and the Superpowers (New York, 1983), p. 106.
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© 1996 Jamie Frederic Metzl
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Metzl, J.F. (1996). March 1977–March 1978. In: Western Responses to Human Rights Abuses in Cambodia, 1975–80. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24717-2_4
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