Abstract
The discussion so far in this book has been an explanation of the structure of power as far as the role of information and communication are concerned in international relations. There now needs to be an analysis of exactly what happens when these structures are challenged. Such a task might contain objective lessons for those who are relatively powerless and are seeking change. At the same time it might show up serious shortcomings and contradictions in the arguments of those who shout ‘cultural imperialism’ and place most blame for the status quo on the shoulders of those with power.
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Notes
Academy For Educational Development (AED), The United States and the Debate on the World ‘Information Order’ (Washington, DC: USICA, 1979 ), Appendix I.
See Colleen Roach, ‘The US Position on the New World Information and Communication Order’, Journal of Communication, Vol. 37, no. 4, Autumn 1987, pp. 36–51; and also her ‘The Position of the Reagan Administration on the NWICO’, Media Development, Vol. 34, no. 4, 1987, pp. 32–7.
See Colleen Roach, and also her ‘The Position of the Reagan Administration on the NWICO’, Media Development, Vol. 34, no. 4, 1987, pp. 32–7.
C. Anthony Giffard, UNESCO and the Media ( New York: Longman, 1989 ).
Karl P. Sauvant, ‘From Economic to Socio-Cultural Emancipation: The Historical Context of the New International Economic Order and the New International Socio-Cultural Order’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 3, no. 1, 1981, pp. 48–61.
Kaarle Nordenstreng, ‘The Rise and Life of the Concept’, in Kaarle Nordenstreng, Enrique Gonzales Manet and Wolfgang Kleinwachter, New International Information Order Sourcebook, ( Prague: International Organization of Journalists, 1986 ), pp. 10–42.
Herbert Schiller, Information and the Crisis Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986). See especially Chapter 4, ‘The Developing Crisis in the Western Free Flow of Information Doctrine’, pp. 47–76.
A. W. Singham and Shirley Hune, Non-Alignment in an Age of Alignments ( Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill amp; Co., 1986 ).
Lawrence S. Finkelstein, ‘The Struggle to Control UNESCO’ in David P. Forsythe (ed.), The United Nations in the World Political Economy ( New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989 ), pp. 144–64.
Clare Wells, The UN, UNESCO and the Politics of Knowledge ( London: Macmillan, 1987 ).
Hamid Mowlana and Colleen Roach, ‘New World Information and Communication Order: Overview of Recent Developments and Activities’, in Michael Traber and Kaarle Nordenstreng (eds), Few Voices, Many Worlds ( London: World Association for Christian Communication, 1992 ), p. 7.
Leonard S. Matthews, ‘Designing a Muzzle for Media’, Business Week, 15 June 1981, p. 20.
Letitia Baldwin and Christy Marshall, ‘MacBride Report Gets UNESCO Hearing’, Advertising Age, 26 July 1982, p. 59.
Roger Wallis and Krister Malm, Big Sounds from Small People: The music industry in small countries ( New York: Pendragon Press, 1984 ), p. 71.
Aggrey Brown, ‘Mass Media In Jamaica’, in Mass Media and the Caribbean, ed. Stuart Surlin and Walter Soderlund (Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1990 ), p. 19.
Damon Darlin, ‘To Get US Films Shown In South Korea, It Takes More Than Friendly Persuasion’, Wall Street Journal, 2 October 1989, p. B7.
See Robert Rothstein, ‘Regime-Creation by a Coalition of the Weak: Lessons from the NIEO and the Integrated Program for Commodities’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1984.
See Stephan Haggard and Beth A. Simmons, ‘Theories of international regimes’, International Organization, Vol. 41, no. 3 (Summer 1987 ), pp. 490–517.
Robert L. Rothstein, ‘Regime-Creation by a Coalition of the Weak: Lessons from the NIEO and the Integrated Program for Commodities’, International Studies Quarterly (1984), 28, pp. 307–28.
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence Second Edition (Boston: Scott Foresman, 1989), Chapter 3, pp. 38–60.
R. Michael Gadbaw and Timothy J. Richards (eds), Intellectual Property Rights: Global Consensus, Global Conflict? ( Boulder: Westview Press, 1988 ), pp. 3–5.
Dorcas White, The Press and the Law in the Caribbean ( Bridgetown: CEDAR Press, 1977 ), p. 43.
See Mary Greaves-Venner, ‘Keeping Track’, BAJ Bulletin 1 (Aug./Sept./Oct., 1985), p. 7.
Whitney R. Mundt, ‘India’, in George Kurian (ed.), World Press Encyclopedia (Vol. 1 ) ( New York: Facts On File, 1982 ), p. 481.
World Bank, Social Indicators of Development 1991–1992 ( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988 ), p. 143.
See Anthony Irving, ‘Time to Weep and Time to Laugh’, Sunday Advocate-News, 6 February 1983, p. 4.
Daphne Doran Lincoff (ed.), Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 1985 ( Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1987 ), pp. 317–24.
See, for example, Robert A. White, ‘NWICO has become a people’s movement’, Media Development, Vol. 35, January 1988, pp. 20–5.
See, for example, Robert L. Rothstein, ‘Epitaph for a monument to a failed protest? A North-South retrospective’, International Organization, Vol. 42, no. 4, (Autumn 1988 ), pp. 725–48.
Bahgat Korany, ‘Coming of Age Against Global Odds: The Third World and Its Collective Decision-Making’, in Bahgat Korany (ed.), How Foreign Policy Decisions are Made in the Third World: A Comparative Analysis ( Boulder: Westview Press, 1986 ), p. 37.
James N. Rosenau, ‘Pre-Theories and Theories of Foreign Policy’, in R. Barry Farrell (ed.), Approaches to Comparative and International Politics ( Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1966 ), pp. 27–92.
Bahgat Korany, ‘Foreign Policy Decision-Making Theory and the Third World: Payoffs and Pitfalls’, in Bahgat Korany (ed.), How Foreign Policy Decisions are Made in the Third World: A Comparative Analysis ( Boulder: Westview Press, 1986 ).
Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, The Caribbean in World Affairs: The Foreign Policies of the English-Speaking States ( Boulder: Westview Press, 1989 ), pp. 226–9.
Marc Raboy and Bernard Dagenais, ‘Introduction: Media and the Politics of Crisis’, in Marc Raboy and Bernard Dagenais (eds), Media, Crisis and Democracy ( London: SAGE, 1992 ), p. 6.
Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society ( London: Macmillan, 1977 ), p. 8.
James Joll, Europe Since 1870 ( Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983 ), p. 234.
George Bush, Address at the United Nations. New York, 1 October 1990.
Nils Petter Gleditsch, ‘Democracy and Peace’, Journal of Peace Research Vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 369–70.
Violeta Chamoro, ‘The Death of La Prensa’, Foreign Affairs, Winter, 1986, p. 385, quoted in Sanford J. Ungar, ‘The Role of a Free Press in Strengthening Democracy’, in Judith Lichtenberg (ed.), Democracy and the Media ( New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990 ), pp. 368–98.
quoted in Sanford J. Ungar, ‘The Role of a Free Press in Strengthening Democracy’, in Judith Lichtenberg (ed.), Democracy and the Media ( New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990 ), pp. 368–98.
See Marc Raboy and Bernard Dagenais, Media, Crisis and Democracy ( London: SAGE, 1992 ).
Norman Angell, The Great Illusion ( New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913 ), pp. 54–5.
Graham Wallas, The Great Society: A Psychological Analysis ( New York: Macmillan, 1915 ), p. 3.
E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis ( London: Macmillan, 1939 ).
A useful collection of articles on this plethora of issues is George Rodman (ed.), Mass Media Issues ( Fourth Edition) (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1993 ).
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© 1995 Mark D. Alleyne
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Alleyne, M.D. (1995). Reforming International Communication: The NWICO Debate. In: International Power and International Communication. St Antony’s/Macmillan Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24185-9_6
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