Skip to main content

Children and Conflict: A Psychological Perspective

  • Chapter
Facets of the Conflict in Northern Ireland

Abstract

The arrival of troops on the streets of Northern Ireland had the effect of placing local children firmly in the world’s spotlight. Twenty-five years later the words ‘Children in Northern Ireland’ can still conjure up the image of a very small child, stone in hand taking on the might of the British army on some dreary Belfast or Derry street. This image influenced what people thought in the early days of the ‘troubles’ would happen to children in Northern Ireland. And what they expected was that children in Northern Ireland, as a result of the strain of growing up against a background of continuous political violence, would become shell-shocked zombies flooding the psychiatric hospitals, or amoral juvenile delinquents totally out of adult control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bell, D. (1990) Acts of Union: Youth Culture and Sectarianism in Northern Ireland. London, Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslin, A. (1982) ‘Tolerance and Moral Reasoning among Adolescents in Ireland’, Journal of Moral Education, 11: 2, 112–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. (1980) ‘The Development of Ethnic Discrimination in Young Children in Northern Ireland’ in Children and Young People in Northern Ireland: a Society Under Stress, ed. by J. Harbison and J. Harbison. Wells, Open Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. (1982) ‘Intergroup Conflict in Northern Ireland’ in Group Identity and Intergroup Attitudes, ed. by H. Tajfel. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.; Paris Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. (1984) ‘Television News as a Source of Knowledge about the Violence for Children in Ireland, North and South: A Test of the Knowledgegap Hypothesis’, Current Psychological Research and Reviews, 3: 4, 32–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. (1987) Caught in Crossfire: Children and Young People in Northern Ireland. Belfast, Appletree Press; New York, Syracuse Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. (1989a) ‘Society as Child Abuser: Northern Ireland’ in Child Abuse and Neglect: Facing the Challenge, ed. by W. S. Rogers and D. and E. Hevey. London, Batsford and the Open University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. (1989b) ‘Social Identity and Intergroup Conflict in Northern Ireland’ in Growing Up in Northern Ireland, ed. by J. Harbison. Belfast, Northern Ireland Learning Resources Unit, Stranmillis College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. (1990) ‘Impact of Television News Exposure on Children’s Perceptions of Violence in Northern Ireland’, Journal of Social Psychology, 130: 4, 447–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. (1991) ‘Is Northern Ireland a Conservative Society?’ in Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland, ed. by P. Stringer and G. Robinson. Belfast, Blackstaff Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. and L. Conlon (1985) Children’s Moral Reasoning and the Northern Irish Violence. Unpublished paper, University of Ulster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E., et al. (1980) ‘Young Children’s Awareness of Violence in Northern Ireland: the Influence of Northern Irish Television in Scotland and Northern Ireland’, British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 3–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E. and N. Toner (1993) ‘Children and Political Violence: from Riots to Reconciliation’ in Psychological Effects of War and Violence on Children, ed. by L. A. Leavitt and N. Fox. New York, Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, E., S. Dunn, V. Morgan and V. McClenaghan (1992) The Impact of Integrated Schools in Northern Ireland on Cultural Values on Social Identity. Final Report to the Economic and Social Research Council (UK).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. and I. F. Turner (1984) ‘Friendship Choices in an Integrated Primary School in Northern Ireland’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 23: 2, 185–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, S., V. Morgan, E. Cairns and C. Bowring-Carr (1990) Curriculum and Culture in Integrated Schools in Northern Ireland. Final Report to the Leverhulme Trust. Coleraine, Centre for the Study of Conflict: University of Ulster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fee, F. (1980) ‘Responses to a Behavioural Questionnaire of a Group of Belfast Children’ in Children and Young People in Northern Ireland: a Society Under Stress, ed. by J. Harbison and J. Harbison. Wells, Open Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fee, F. (1983) ‘Education Change in Belfast School Children 1975–81’ in Children of the Troubles: Children in Northern Ireland, ed. by J. Harbison. Belfast, NI Learning Resources Unit, Stranmillis College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, R. (1973) A Society on the Run: a Psychology of Northern Ireland. Harmondsworth, Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, M. (1974) Children in Conflict. Harmondsworth, Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greer, J. (1980) ‘The Persistence of Religion in Northern Ireland’, Character Potential, 9, 139–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greer, J. (1990) ‘The Persistence of Religion: a Study of Sixth-form Pupils in Northern Ireland, 1968–1988’, Journal of Social Psychology, 130: 5, 573–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosin, A. (1983) The Impact of International Conflict on Children’s and Adolescents’ National Perceptions: a Cross-cultural Study in Political Socialisation. D.Phil. thesis, New University of Ulster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosin, A. and E. Cairns (1984) ‘The Impact of Conflict on Children’s Ideas About Their Country’, Journal of Social Psychology, 118: 2, 161–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, J. E., et al. (1990) ‘The Assessment of Ethnic Sensitivity Among Northern Ireland Schoolchildren’, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8, 419–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Youth Bridge (1985) Young Ideas in Northern Ireland: Christian Belief and Life Style Among Young Adults in Northern Ireland. Belfast, City of Belfast YMCA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, C. (1991) Education and the Development of Social Integration in Divided Societies. Unpublished paper, Queen’s University, Belfast.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahoda, G. and S. Harrison (1975) ‘Belfast Children: Some Effects of a Conflict Environment’, Irish Journal of Psychology, 3: 1, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenvey (1972) ‘Sons and Haters: Youth in Conflict’, New Society, 21: 512,125–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, J. V. (1982) ‘Moral Reasoning in Irish Children and Adolescents as Measured by the Defining Issues Test’, Irish Journal of Psychology, 2, 96–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, R. and M. Troy (1983) The Impact of Urban Conflict and Violence on Children Referred to a Child Guidance Clinic’, in J. Harbison, ed., Children of the Troubles: Children in Northern Ireland, Belfast, NI Learning Resources Unit. Stranmillis College.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, A. and R. Wilson (1985) ‘Factors which Influence the Prevalence and Variation of Psychological Problems in Children in Northern Ireland’. Paper presented to the Annual Conference of the Developmental Section of the British Psychological Society, Belfast.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeown, M. (1973) ‘Civil Unrest: Secondary School’s Survey’, Northern Teacher, Winter, 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhirter, I., V. Young et al. (1983) ‘Belfast Children’s Awareness of Violent Death’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 2. 81 92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McWhirter, L. (1981) ‘The Influence of Contact on the Development of Interpersonal Awareness in Northern Ireland Children’. Paper read to the Annual Conference of the Development Section of the British Psychological Society, Manchester.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhirter, L. (1983) ‘Contact and Conflict: the Question of Integrated Education’, Irish Journal of Psychology, 6, 13–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McWhirter, L. (1984) ‘Is Getting Caught in a Riot More Stressful than Seeing a Scary Film or Moving to a New School?’ Paper presented to the Annual Conference of the Northern Ireland Branch of the Psychological Society, Portballintrae.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWhirter, L. and R. Gamble (1982) ‘Development of Ethnic Awareness in the Absence of Physical Cues’, Irish Journal of Psychology, 5, 109–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, G. W. and B. Bunting (1980) ‘Some Motivations of Adolescent Demonstrators in the Northern Ireland Civil Disturbances’ in Children and Young People in Northern Ireland: a Society Under Stress, ed. by J. Harbison and I. Harbison. Wells, Open Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, V., S. Dunn, E. Cairns and G. Fraser (1991) Parents and Teachers in Integrated Schools in Northern Ireland. Final Report to the Economic and Social Research Council (UK).

    Google Scholar 

  • PPRU (1984) Commentary on Northern Ireland Crime Statistics, 1969–1982, PPRU Occasional Paper 5. Belfast, Social Research Division, Policy Planning and Research Unit, Department of Finance and Personnel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. (1971) Governing Without Consensus: an Irish Perspective. London, Faber & Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. (1974) Socialisation and Conflict. PhD thesis, University of Strathclyde.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., A. Cox, C. Tupping, M. Berger and W. Yule (1975), ‘Attainment and Adjustment in Two Geographical Areas: 1, the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorder’ British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 520–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. J. and G. Chambers (1991) Inequality in Northern Ireland. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, M. and E. Cairns (1983) ‘Catholic and Protestant Young People’s Rating of Stereotyped Protestant and Catholic Faces’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 241–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toner, I. J., M. S. Hagan et al. (1990) ‘The Effects of Temporary Intervention of the Self and Social Perceptions of Children Experiencing Ongoing Stress’. Paper presented at the Biennial Conference on Human Development, Richmond, Virginia, March.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trew, K. (1989) ‘Evaluating the Impact of Contact Schemes for Catholic and Protestant Children’ in Growing up in Northern Ireland, ed. by J. Harbison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trew K. (1992) ‘Social Psychological Research on the Conflict’, The Psychologist, 15: 8, 342–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfast, NI Learning Resources Unit, Stranmillis College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Violence in Ireland: a Report to the Churches (1976) Belfast, Christian Journals.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, J. (1983) ‘Control and Supervision of Urban Twelve-year-olds Within and Outside Northern Ireland: a Pilot Study’, Irish Journal of Psychology, 6, 37–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, P. and E. Cairns (1986) ‘Attitudes towards Voting among Young People in Northern Ireland’. Unpublished paper, University of Ulster, Coleraine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. and E. Cairns (1992) ‘Psychosocial Stress and the Northern Ireland Troubles’, The Psychologist, 5: 8, 347–50.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 1995 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cairns, E., Cairns, T. (1995). Children and Conflict: A Psychological Perspective. In: Dunn, S. (eds) Facets of the Conflict in Northern Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23829-3_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics