Abstract
It is superfluous to say that most writing on ECOWAS to date focuses on dependency, economic growth and trade liberalisation. The political dialectics of the integration experiment have been sparsely treated.1 Nor have the attendant security issues received much attention. The immediate example of this is the ECOWAS intervention and deployment of a military Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) during the civil war in Liberia on 24 August 1990. The intervention has generated a great deal of popular debate but little academic analysis.2
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Notes
Julius E. Okolo, ‘The Development and Structure of ECOWAS’, in Julius E. Okolo and Stephen Wright (eds), West African Regional Cooperation and Development ( Boulder: Westview Press, 1990 ): 19–52;
Rights’, in Lori F. Damrosch and David J. Scheffer (eds), Law and Force in the New International Order ( Boulder: Westview Press, 1991 ): 21721;
Brian L. Job (ed.), The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States ( Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992 );
Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, 2nd edn ( Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991 );
Timothy M. Shaw and E. John Inegbedion, ‘Alternative Approaches to Peace and Security in Africa’, in Jorge R. Beruff et al., Conflict, Peace and Development in the Caribbean ( London: Macmillan, 1991 ): 259–83;
Mohammed Ayoob, ‘The Security Problematic of the Third World’, World Politics, 43, 2 (January 1991): 257–83;
Yezid Sayid, Confronting the 1990s: Security in the Developing Countries, Adel-phi Papers No. 251 ( London: IISS, Summer 1990 ).
Quoted in Anders Hjort of Ornas and M.A. Mohamed Salih (eds), Ecology and Politics: Environmental Stress and Security in Africa ( Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1989 ): 15.
J. Foltz, ‘The Organization of African Unity and the Resolution of Africa’s Conflicts’, in Francis M. Deng and I. William Zartman (eds), Conflict Resolution in Africa ( Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1991 ): 347–66.
One succinct summary of this is A. Bolaji Akinyemi, ‘Cooperation for Africa as a Confidence-Building Measure’, in Anatoly A. Gromyko and C.S. Whitaker (eds), Agenda for Action: African—Soviet—US Cooperation ( Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1990 ): 253–61.
Extensive treatments include Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe, Conflict and Intervention in Africa: Nigeria, Angola, Zaire ( New York: St Martin’s, 1990 );
I. William Zart-man, Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa ( New York: Oxford University Press, 1989 ).
Olusegun Obasanjo, My Command: An Account of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970 ( London: Heinemann, 1980 ): 155.
Ibrahim A. Gambari, Political and Comparative Dimensions of Regional Integration: The Case of ECOWAS (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1991): 29.
Julius E. Okolo, ‘The Development and Structure of ECOWAS’, in Okolo and Wright, West African Regional Cooperation and Development: 19–29;
Daniel C. Bach, ‘The Politics of West African Economic Cooperation: CEAO and ECOWAS’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 21, 4 (1983): 605–23.
See Martin Lowenkopf, Politics in Liberia: The Conservative Road to Development (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1976): 113
J. Gus Liebenow, Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege ( Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969 ): 73–4.
Gordon C. Thomasson, ‘Liberian Disaster: Made in the USA’, New York Times (14 July 1990) 21;
Christopher Clapham, ‘Liberia’, in Donal B. Cruise et al., Contemporary West African States ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989 ): 108.
Mark Huband, ‘The Power Vacuum’, Africa Report (January—February 1991): 27–30;
President Blaise Compraore, interviewed by Barki Gbanabome, ‘Enfant Terrible Explains’, West Africa (4–10 May 1992): 756.
This comes out very clearly in the interview with President Ibrahim Babangida of Nigeria by Yemi Ogunbiyi et al., ‘The Babangida Interview’, West Africa (1–7 October 1990): 2578.
US Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: 1990 ( Washington DC: Government Printing Office, February 1991 ): 192.
Cohen, ‘U.S. Diplomatic Efforts Toward Peace in Liberia’: 804. See also Jan Eliason, UN Under Secretary for Special Duties, ‘Enlarging the UN’s Humanitarian Mandate’ ( New York: UN Spotlight on Humanitarian Issues, December 1992 ): 1.
General Emmanuel A. Erskine, ‘Peace-Keeping’, Africa Forum, 1, 1 (1991): 27.
Guy Nicolas, ‘Le Nigeria Nouvelle Puissance Regionale Africaine’, Afrique Contemporaine 157 (Jan-Mars 1991): 6;
Atsutse K. Agboli, ‘Liberia Pax Nigeriane’, Jeune Afrique (26 September-2 October 1990): 77;
See also William Keeling, ‘Concern at the Use of Lagos Oil Windfall’, London Financial Times (27 June 1991 ).
See Lindsay Barrett, ‘Why Senegal Withdrew’, West Africa (25–31 January 1993): 102–4;
See Lindsay Barret and Keaba Korta, ‘Ending the Stalemate’, West Africa (27 July-2 August 1992): 1253ff;
This is from the ‘US State Department Files’, leaked in November 1992, West Africa (16–22 November): 1967.
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Inegbedion, E.J. (1994). ECOMOG in Comparative Perspective. In: Shaw, T.M., Okolo, J.E. (eds) The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in ECOWAS. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23277-2_12
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