Abstract
Henry IV’s reign can easily be dismissed as insignificant in terms of English activities in France, particularly as it lacks the flamboyance and decisiveness of that of his son, Henry V (1413–22). As we shall see, however, the policies of the father prepared the way for the actions of the son. More importantly, perhaps, they preserved English interests in France at a time when they could well have foundered.
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S. P. Pistono, ‘Henry IV and Charles VI; the confirmation of the twenty-eight year truce’, Journal of Medieval History, 3 (1977), 357.
J. L. Kirby, ‘The siege of Bourg, 1406’, History Today, 18 (1968), 60.
R. Vaughan, John the Fearless (London: Longman, 1966), p. 92; Monstrelet, II, p. 189.
Jouvenal des Ursins, Histoire de Charles VI, ed. D. Godefroy (Paris, 1653), p. 289.
C. T. Allmand, Lancastrian Normandy, 1415–1450 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), chapters 3 and 4;
R. A. Massey, ‘The Land Settlement in Lancastrian Normandy’, Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1984), pp. 76–96.
R. A. Newhall, ‘Henry V’s policy of conciliation in Normandy 1417–1422’, Anniversary Essays in Medieval History of Students of C. H. Haskins, ed C. H. Taylor (Harvard University Press, 1929).
Thomas Walsingham, Ypodigma Neustriae, ed. H. T. Riley (London: Rolls Series, 1876).
The fullest account is provided in R. A. Newhall, The English Conquest of Normandy 1416–1424 (Yale University Press, 1924).
J. Shirley, A Parisian Journal, 1405–1449 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), p. 138.
P. Bonenfant, Du meutre de Montereau au traité de Troyes (Brussels: Académie Royale de Belgique, 1958).
C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘La double monarchie France-Angleterre et la maison de Bourgogne’, Annales de Bourgogne, 37 (1965) pp. 81–2, 87.
B. P. Wolffe, Henry VI (London: Eyre Methuen, 1981), pp. 60–2, where the alleged Englishness of the ceremony is discussed.
Journal de Clément de Fauquemberge, II, p. 65 and the ‘Traité compendieux de la querelle de France contre les anglois’ cited in P. S. Lewis, Later Medieval France: the Polity (London: Macmillan, 1968), p. 95, n. 2.
There are two excellent studies of Charles VII: M. G. A. Vale, Charles VII (London: Eyre Methuen, 1974);
R. G. Little, The Parlement of Poitiers. War, Government and Politics in France 1418–36 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1984).
J. Dickinson, The Congress of Arras, 1435 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955), p. 14: Chronique du Religieux de Saint Denis, VI, pp. 438–9.
B. J. H. Rowe, ‘The Grand Conseil under the duke of Bedford’, in Essays in Medieval History Presented to H. E. Salter (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934), pp. 207–34.
There is a useful recent study of Paris: G. L. Thompson, Paris and its People under English Rule: the Anglo-Butgundian Regime 1420–1436 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
There are two fine studies of the reign of Henry VI; B. P. Wolffe, Henry VI (London: Eyre Methuen, 1981)
and R. A. Griffiths, The Reign of Henry VI (Tonbridge: Benn, 1981).
There is no full narrative in English of this period of the war. What follows is derived from my own study of documents concerning the administration of the English army in France. See also A. J. Pollard, John Talbot and the War in France 1427–1453 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1983).
For a detailed study of York’s two periods of office see P. A. Johnson, Duke Richard of York, 1411–1461 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988).
C. T. Allmand, ‘The Anglo-French Negotiations, 1439’, BIHR, 40 (1967), 1–33, and his ‘Documents Relating to the Anglo-French negotiations of 1439’, Camden Miscellany XXIV (London: Royal Historical Society, 1972).
M. K. Jones, ‘John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and the French Expedition of 1443’, in Patronage, Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England, ed. R. A. Griffiths (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1981), pp. 75–102.
For the financial problems of the truce period see G. L. Harriss, ‘Marmaduke Lumley and the Exchequer Crisis of 1446–9’, in Aspects of Late Medieval Government and Society. Essays Presented to J. R. Lander, ed. J. G. Rowe (Toronto: 1986), pp. 143–78.
M.J. Daniel and M. H. Keen, ‘English diplomacy and the sack of Fougères’, History, 59 (1974), 374–91.
A. E. Curry, ‘Towns at war: Norman towns under English rule, 1417–1450’ in Towns and Townspeople in the Fifteenth century, ed. J. A. Thomson (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1989), pp. 148–72.
P. D. Solon, ‘Valois military administration on the Norman frontier 1445–61: a study in medieval reform’, Speculum, 51 (1976), 91–111; Griffiths, Reign of Henry VI, pp. 814–16.
Wolffe, Henry VI, p. 276. See also the excellent discussion in M. K. Jones, ‘Somerset, York and the Wars of the Roses’, EHR, 104 (1989), 285–307.
J. A. Ferguson, English Diplomacy 1422–1461 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 33.
G. L. Harriss, ‘The struggle for Calais. An aspect of the rivalry between Lancaster and York’, EHR, 75 (1960), 52.
C. D. Ross, Edward IV (London: Eyre Methuen, 1975), pp. 159–60.
S. B. Chrimes, Henry VII (London: Eyre Methuen, 1972), p. 37.
J. R. Lander, ‘The Hundred Years War and Edward IV’s 1475 campaign in France’ in Tudor Men and Institutions, ed. A. J. Slavin (Louisiana State University Press, 1972), pp. 70–100, reprinted in his Crown and Nobility 1450–1509 (London: Arnold, 1976), pp. 220–41; Literae Cantuariensis, ed. J. B. Sheppard (London: Rolls Series, 1887–9), III, pp. 274–85.
Gunn, ‘French wars of Henry VIII’, pp. 28–51. It is also interesting that Edward IV copied materials on Lancastrian Normandy although his purpose is unclear, W. F. Jordan, The Chronicle and Political Papers of King Edward IV (London: Allen and Unwin, 1966), pp. xxi–xxxiii, 185–90.
S. J. Gunn, ‘The Duke of Suffolk’s march on Paris 1523’, EHR, 101 (1986), 629.
Cited in R. B. Wernham, The Making of English Foreign Policy 1558–1603 (University of California Press, 1980), p. 1. See also P. Gwyn’s view in ‘Wolsey’s Foreign Policy: the conferences at Calais and Bruges’, Historical Journal, 23 (1980), 757, on the rationale behind the meeting of Francis I and Henry in the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520: ‘to remove the prejudices built up over at least two hundred years of enmity, something out of the ordinary was necessary, something, as it were, that could outshine Agincourt.
H. F. Chettle, ‘The Burgesses for Calais 1536–58’, EHR, 50 (1935), 493.
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© 1993 Anne Curry
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Curry, A. (1993). New Wars or Old? Anglo-French Conflict in the Fifteenth Century. In: The Hundred Years War. British History in Perspective. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22711-2_4
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