Abstract
Various ways of financing health care expenditures by communities are studied in this chapter. The first method is direct payments by patients for drugs. Application of this method presupposes that other health care expenditures are financed by other agents such as international donors and central, district or local government. A fee-for-service arrangement constitutes the second method. This is more general in that fees may cover other recurrent expenditures as well as drug expenditures. Salaries of health personnel and depreciation allowances may also be included in a fee-for service system. The third method consists of prepayments for health care or decentralized forms of health insurance. Finally, we consider community labour as a means of financing health expenditures. In the last section, evaluation criteria for projects in community financing are examined.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abel-Smith, B. and Dua, A. (1988). Community Financing in Developing Countries: the Potential For the Health Sector. Health Policy and Planning, 3, 95–108.
Akerlof, G. (1970). The Market for Lemons: Quantitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 74, 488–500.
Arrow, K.J. (1963). Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care. American Economic Review, 53, 941–973.
Atkinson, A.B. and Stiglitz, J.E. (1980). Lectures on Public Economics. McGraw-Hill, London.
Bekele, A. and Lewis, M.A. (1986). Financing Health Care in the Sudan: Some Recent Experiences in the Central Region. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 1, 111–127.
Birdsall, N. (1983). Strategies for Analyzing Effects of User Charges in the Social Sectors. World Bank, CPD paper 1983–9.
Boadway, R. and Bruce, N. (1984). Welfare Economics. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Bos D. (1985). Public Sector Pricing. In Auerbach, A. and Feldstein, M.S. (Eds). Handbook of Public Economics. North-Holland, Amsterdam. Chap. 3.
Carrin G. (1984). Economic Evaluation of Health Care in Developing Countries. Croom Helm, Kent.
Carrin, G. (1986). Drug Prescribing: A Discussion of its Variability and (Ir)rationality. Health Policy, 7, 73–94.
Chimedza, R. (1986). Saving Together, Spending Together: Zimbabwe’s rural savings clubs. Courier, No. 99, 75–77.
Creese, A. (1990). User Charges for Health Care: A Review of Recent Experience. WHO, Division of Strengthening of Health Services, SHS Paper 1.
Cullis, J. and West, P. (1979). The Economics of Health. Robertson, Oxford.
Culyer, A. (1983). Effectiveness and Efficiency of Health Services. Effective Health Care, 1, 7–9.
De Ferranti, D. (1985). Paying for Health Services in Developing Countries — An Overview. World Bank Staff Working paper 721.
Drèze, J. and Marchand, M. (1976). Pricing, Spending and Gambling Rules for Non-Profit Organizations. In Grieson, R.E. (Ed.), Public and Urban Economics. Lexington Books, Lexington, pp. 58–89.
Egwu, I.N. (1987). Selective Intervention in Primary Health Care: Planning and Practical Implications in Nigeria. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 2, 201–211.
Fineberg H.V. and Weinstein M.C. (1980). Clinical Decision Analysis. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
Foster, S. and Drager, N. (1988). How Community Drug Sales Schemes May Succeed. World Health Forum, 9, 200–206.
Gerdes, V. (1975). Precursors of Modern Social Security in Indigenous African Institutions. Journal of Modern African Studies, 13, 209–228.
Gilson, L. (1988). Government Health Care Charges: Is Equity Being Abandoned? London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, EPC publication 15.
Gray, C. (1986). State-sponsored Primary Health Care in Africa: the Recurrent Cost of Performing Miracles. Social Science and Medicine, 22, 361–368.
Hoare, G. and Mills, A. (1986). Paying for the Health Sector. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, EPC publication 12.
IDS Health Group (1981). Health Needs and Health Services in Rural Ghana. Social Science and Medicine, 15A, 397–517.
Ikiara, G.K. and Kimani, V.N. (1986). Delivering and Financing of Health Care in Kenya. University of Nairobi.
Inman, R.P. (1987). Markets, Governments and the New Political Economy. In Auerbach, A.J. and Feldstein, M. (Eds), Handbook of Public Economics. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp, 647–777.
Jimenez, E. (1987). Pricing Policy in the Social Sectors. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
Kamarck, A. (1971). The Economics of African Development. Praeger, New York.
Lundahl, M. (1983). Insurance Against Risk in Primitive Economies: The Role of Prestige Goods. In Soderstrom, L. (Ed.), Social Insurance. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Midgley, J. (1984). Social Security, Inequality and the Third World. Wiley, New York.
Mills, A. and Gilson, L. (1988). Health Economics for Developing Countries: A Survival Kit. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, EPC publication 17.
Mooney, G. (1983). Equity in Health Care: Confronting the Confusion. Effective Health Care, 1, 179–184.
Mooney, G. (1986). Economics, Medicine and Health Care. Wheatsheaf, Brighton.
Mooney, G. (1987). What Does Equity in Health Mean? World Health Statistics Quarterly, 40, 296–303.
Musgrove, Ph. (1986). What Should Consumers in Poor Countries Pay for Publicly-Provided Health Services? Social Science and Medicine, 22, 329–333.
Musgrave, R.A. and Musgrave, P.B. (1976). Public Finance in Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Mwabu, G. (1987). Options for Paying for Health Services in Africa. Financing Health Development. WHO (HSC/87.1).
Mwabu, G.M. and Mwangi, W.M. (1986). Health Care Financing in Kenya: A Simulation of Welfare Effects of User Fees. Social Science and Medicine, 22, 763–767.
Nzemen, M. (1989). Tontines and Banking. Courier, No. 117, 72–73.
Pauly, M. (1968). The Economics of Moral Hazard. American Economic Review, 58, 531–537.
Pauly, M. (1980), Doctors and Their Workshops. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Phelps, C.E. and Newhouse, J.P. (1974). Coinsurance, the Price of Time and the Demand for Medical Services. Review of Economics and Statistics, 56, 334–342.
Platteau, J.-Ph. and Abraham, A. (1986). An Inquiry into Quasi-credit Systems in Small-scale Fishermen Communities: The Role of Reciprocal Credit and Mixed Contracts. Cahiers de la Faculté des Sciences Economiques et Sociales de Namur, Série Recherche 72, Facultés Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur.
Pollack, R.A. (1985). A Transaction Cost Approach to Families and Households. Journal of Economic Literature, 23, 581–663.
Posner, R.A. (1981). The Economics of Justice. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Roemer, M. (1987). Health System Financing by Social Security. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 2, 109–124.
Stiglitz, J. (1986). Economics of the Public Sector. Norton, New York.
Thobani, M. (1983). Charging User Fees for Social Services — The Case of Education in Malawi. World Bank Staff Working Paper, 572.
Thomas, B.P. (1987). Development through Harambee:Who Wins and Who Loses? Rural Self-help Projects in Kenya. World Development, 15, 463–481.
Varian, H. (1985). Microeconomic Analysis, 2nd Edn. Norton, New York.
WHO (1988). Health Economics: A Programme for Action. WHO, Division of Strengthening of Health Services.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1992 The authors and contributors
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carrin, G., Vereecke, M. (1992). Economic Analysis of Community Financing Schemes. In: Strategies for Health Care Finance in Developing Countries. Economic Issues in Health Care. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22396-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22396-1_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-51946-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-22396-1
eBook Packages: Palgrave Economics & Finance CollectionEconomics and Finance (R0)