Abstract
The year 1989 will enter the history books as one of momentous change, of a radical rupture in the post-war order in Europe. The re-emergence of Western Europe under the umbrella of the European Community had preceded, and one might even argue that it had hastened, the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. The two states which had most symbolized the division of Europe, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, have now been reunited, less than a year after the moribund East German leadership was forced to open the Berlin Wall. These are tumultuous times indeed in Europe. It is the purpose of this chapter to explore what the impact of these changes might be on the relations between Germany and the so-called Third World.1
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Notes
William D. Graf, The German Left Since 1945 (Cambridge: Oleander, 1974) p. 59. I am indebted to Bill Graf, with whom I have had many personal discussions over the years, for my understanding of this crucial early period of West German history.
As part of the European Recovery Program (ERP), the United States remitted on a bilateral basis a total of $6.5bn, of which $5bn was in form of non-repayable grants. See Rudolf Schloz, Deutsche Entwicklungspolitik: Eine Bilanz nach 25 Jahren (Munich: Piper, 1979) p. 14.
Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, ‘The Role of the FRG in the World, 1949–1982’, in Charles Burdick, Hans-Adolf Jacobsen and Winfried Kudszus (eds), Contemporary Germany: Politics and Culture (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1984) p. 139.
William Graf has described this as the ‘social function’ of anti-Communism in ‘Anti-Communism in the Federal Republic of Germany’, in Ralph Miliband, John Saville and Marcel Liebman (eds), Socialist Register, 1984 (London: Merlin, 1984).
For a detailed study of owernship patterns before and after the Second World War, see Bernt Engelmann, Das Reich zerfiel, die Reichen blieben: Deutschlands Geld- und Machteliten (Hamburg: Stern, 1972).
There had been some American investments in Germany prior to the Second World War (reaching 958 million Marks by 1936, of which almost a quarter were investments in the car industry). After the defeat of the Nazi state in May 1945, the first US citizens to be allowed into the American zone of occupation and Berlin were businessmen who came to inspect the level of damage to their property, approximately 200 of them by April 1946. See Werner Link, Deutsche und Amerikanische Gewerkschaften und Geschaftsleute 1945–1975: Eine Studie in transnationalen Beziehungen (Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag, 1978) pp. 100–101 and passim.
Anthony Sampson recounts his own experiences as a member of the British Navy in Germany after the war: ‘ITT officials mysteriously appeared in brigadier-general uniforms … It was a time when the Allied military operations in Germany were becoming overlaid and confused with commercial operations; it was a surrealist nightmare’. The Sovereign State: The Secret History of ITT (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1973) p. 40.
This is how Ralph Giordano explains developments in post-war Germany in Die zweite Schuld oder Von der Last Deutscher zu sein (Hamburg: Rasch und Rohring, 1987) p. 206.
Aussenministerium (ed.), Unsere Auswärtige Politik: Was sie will. Wer sie macht. Wem sie nutzt (Bonn: Federal Government Publications, 1985) p. 7.
For a devastating critique of this assertion, see Rainer Tetzlaff, ‘Die Dritte-Welt-Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zwischen Friedensrhetorik und Realpolitik. Eine Einfuhrung mit politischen Empfehlungen’, in Reiner Steinweg, (ed.), Hilfe + Handel = Frieden? Die Bundesrepublik in der Dritten Welt (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1982) pp. 49–108.
John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, 7th edn (London: Cape, 1929) p. 582. Of interest in this regard also are the writings of David Ricardo, Adam Smith, and especially Baron de Montesquieu.
Irene L. Gendzier, Managing Political Change: Social Scientists and the Third World (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press. 1985) pp. 22–3.
Andreas Buro, ‘Die Entwicklungspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland’, in Bassam Tibi and Volkhard Brandes (eds), Unterentwicklung (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1975) p. 331.
This was passed by the UN General Assembly under the title of ‘United Nations Declaration on the Establishment of a New Economic Order’, General Assembly Resolution 3201 (S-VI), 1 May 1974.
Even OPEC’s power over the industrialized countries was only temporary in nature, however, as events since the early 1980s have shown. See Kunibert Raffer, OPEC: The Making and Breaking of a Producer Cartel, paper presented at the EADI Conference in Madrid, September 1984.
Dieter Schumacher, Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit mit Entwicklungsländern und Beschäftigung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Cologne: EVA, 1984) p. 5.
Ch. Bergmann and H. E. Grundmann, Arbeitsplatzsicherung durch Entwicklungshilfe-Kredite und Exporte in Entwicklungsländer, Gutachten der Prognos AG im Auftrage des Bundesministeriums für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit, (Basle: Prognos, 1978) p. 63.
According to the World Bank, a net outflow of funds from the developing to the industrialized countries has taken place during much of the 1980s. For example, between 1985 and 1987, a net resource transfer from South to North of $74 billion took place in the form of repayment of these loans: ibid, p. 20. For a detailed account of this, see World Bank, Development Report 1990: Poverty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). In 1988, a total resource flow of DM 40.76bn entered the Federal Republic from the Third World, while a total of DM 61.4bn went South in form of official and private capital flows. Politik der Partner (9th edn) (Bonn: BMZ, June 1990) p. 15.
Astrid Ritter-Weil, Weltwirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen der Wirtschaftspolitik (Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1988) p. 7.
Rolf Hofmeier et al. Die wirtschaftliche und rohstoff-politische Bedeutung Afrikas und seiner einzelnen Regionen (Südafrika, Schwarzafrika, Nordafrika) für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Hamburg: Institut für Afrika-Kunde, 1981) pp. 270–1.
Gero Winkler, ‘Deutsch-Afrikanischer Außenhandel 1933–1983’, in Martin Kramer and Gero Winkler (eds), Afrika: 50 Jahre Wirtschaftspartnerschaft (Hamburg: Afrika-Verein, 1984) pp. 195–6.
See my dissertation, Development Through Aid and Trade? The Two German States and Sub-Saharan Africa, 1960–1985 (Boston University, 1988); also my chapter in Brigitte H. Schulz and William W. Hansen (eds), The Soviet Bloc and the Third World: The Political Economy of East-South Relations (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1989).
OECD statistics quoted in IMSF and AIB (eds), Neokolonialismus der BRD und anti-imperialistischer Befreiungskampf (Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Marxistische Blätter, 1979) p. 113.
H. Kargenau, ‘Umfang der multinationlen Investitionen’, in Dietrich Kebschull and O. G. Mayer (eds), Multinationale Unternehmen. Anfang oder Ende der Weltwirtschaft? (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1974) pp. 15–35.
Werner Olle, Bundesdeutsche Konzerne in der Dritten Welt, 2nd edn (Göttingen: Lamuv Verlag, 1988) p. 26.
Dritter Bericht zue Entwicklungspolitik …, p. 21. For a more comprehensive discussion of these treaties, see Gerd Langer, Rechtsschutz für Kapitalanlagen in Entwicklungsländern (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 1973).
Manfred Glagow et al., Die deutschen Entwicklungsbanken (Saarbrücken (FRG) and Lauderdale, Fla.: Breitenbach, 1985) p. 154.
See, for example, Raphael Kaplinsky, Gerd Junne and Werner Olle, New Technologies and Third World Development, Vierteljahresberichte, no. 103 (Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1986);
Kenichi Ohmae, Triad Power (Tokyo: UN University, 1984);
Werner Olle, Bundesdeutsche Konzerne in der Dritten Welt (Göttingen: Lamuv Verlag, 1988) esp. pp. 20–5.
This is the argument advanced by Michael Dauderstadt in Entwicklungspolitik ’92: Abkehr von der Dritten Welt, Reihe Eurokolleg 3 (Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1990) p. 6.
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Schulz, B.H. (1992). The ‘New’ Germany and the Third World: Aspects of a Changing Relationship. In: Graf, W.D. (eds) The Internationalization of the German Political Economy. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22227-8_10
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