Abstract
A Soviet decision to move into the offensive in many new areas in 1984 necessitated a much stronger Soviet combat role. Inevitably, this produced higher Soviet casualties, along with huge destruction. The combination of air raids and artillery bombardments of villages close to highways or along the borders emptied many villages, as well as hurting agricultural production in some fertile areas. Many claims were made that the back of guerrilla resistance had been broken, and the war was virtually over.1
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Notes
S. B. Majrooh, ‘Education in Afghanistan, past and present’, in The Sovietization of Afghanistan, eds S. B. Majrooh and S. M. Elmi, (Peshawar, 1986).
See further John Schroder and Abdul Tawab Assifi, ‘Afghan Mineral Resources and Soviet Exploitation’, in Afghanistan, The Great Game Revisited, ed. Rosanne Klass, (New York, 1987).
The most detailed picture is by Olivier Roy, Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan (Cambridge, 1986).
The geopolitical implications of the Afghan war are analysed by Mahnaz Ispahani, The Politics of Access in the Borderlands of Asia. 1989.
Quoted from Agha Shahi in Afghanistan Today, (introduction, p.v.), ed. Dr M. S. Siddiqi, (Peshawar, 1987). For a detailed exposition of Agha Shahi’s views, see his book, Pakistan’s Security and Foreign Policy, ed. Hamid Kizilbash (Lahore, 1988).
See further David Isby, War in a distant country, 1989, and Mark Urban, War in Afghanistan, 1989.
For the impact of Glasnost upon Soviet reporting of the war and on Soviet society, see Anthony Hyman, Glasnost and the Afghanistan War, a booklet published by Article 19, (London, 1991), and Andrew Wilson and Nina Bachkatov, Living with Glasnost (London, 1988), and Borovik, Artyom The Hidden War (London 1991).
See further Soviet—American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan, ed. Hafeez Malik, 1987, and A. Hyman, ‘The Afghan Politics of Exile’, Third World Quarterly 9, no. 1, 1987.
For the tortuous course of UN negotiations, see George Arney, Chapter 13, Afghanistan, (London, 1990).
See further articles by Pierre Centlivres and Micheline Centlivres-Demont, in Les Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, no. 47, (Paris, April 1990) and Migration World, vol. xv, (New York, December 1987).
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© 1992 Anthony Hyman
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Hyman, A. (1992). A Bleeding Wound. In: Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21948-3_12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21948-3_12
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