Abstract
As we indicated in the previous chapter, the impact of Sraffa’s The Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities was by no means immediate. The initial effect was to generate an attack upon neoclassical theory, which resulted in the ‘Cambridge Controversies’ of the mid-1960s. Although this was relevant to the Marxian analysis of ‘vulgar economy’, it did not bear upon the logical coherence of Marxian political economy itself, and it was not until the 1970s that the direct implications for Marxian economics began to be appreciated. Meanwhile, the questions raised by Francis Seton and Paul Samuelson in the 1950s awaited answers (see Chapter 12 above). It remained to be seen whether Samuelson’s conclusions could be generalised to an n-sector model, and whether (as Engels and others had supposed) the transformation of values into prices of production could legitimately be regarded as a historical as well as a logical process (see volume I of this book, Chapter 3, section II). Also unresolved were important methodological issues concerning the role of mathematical models in the appraisal of Marxian value theory, and the relative significance of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the problem.
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Notes
M. Dobb, Theories of Value and Distribution Since Adam Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 161.
M. Morishima and F. Seton, ‘Aggregation in Leontief Matrices and the Labour Theory of Value’. Econometrica 29. 1961. pp. 203–20.
Ibid, p. 205; cf. J. Robinson, An Essay on Marxian Economics (London: Macmillan, 1942), Ch. 3.
See also J.S. Szumski, ‘The Transformation Problem Solved’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 13, 1989, pp. 431–52.
L. Johansen, ‘Labour Theory of Value and Marginal Utilities’, Economics of Planning 3, 1963, pp. 89–103.
N. Okishio, ‘A Mathematical Note on Marxian Theorems’, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 91. 1963. pp. 296–8 and (especially) p. 297, n.1.
A. Brody, Proportions, Prices and Planning: A Mathematical Restatement of the Labour Theory of Value (Amsterdam: North-Holland. 1970).
M. Dobb, ‘The Sraffa System and the Critique of the Neo-Classical Theory of Distribution’, De Economist, 118, 1970, pp. 347–62.
P.A. Samuelson, ‘The “Transformation” From Marxian “Values” to Competi-tive “Prices”: A Process of Rejection and Replacement’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 67. 1970. pp. 423–5.
P.A. Samuelson, ‘Understanding the Marxian Notion of Exploitation: A Summary of the So—Called Transformation Problem between Marxian Values and Competitive Prices’, Journal of Economic Literature, 9, 1971, pp. 399–431.
A. Lerner, ‘A Note on “Understanding the Marxian Notion of Exploitation”’, Journal of Economic Literature, 10, 1972, p. 50
J. Robinson, ‘Samuelson and Marx’, Journal of Economic Literature, 11, 1973, p. 1367
see Samuelson, ‘The Economics of Marx: an Ecumenical Reply’, Journal of Economic Literature, 10, 1972, pp. 51–7, and ‘Comment’, Journal of Economic Literature, 11, 1973, p. 1367, for his response.
W.J. Baumol, ‘The Transformation of Values: What Marx “Really” Meant: an Interpretation’. Journal of Economic Literature, 12, 1974, pp. 56–59.
P.A. Samuelson, ‘Insight and Detour in the Theory of Exploitation: A Reply to Baumol’, Journal of Economic Literature, 12, 1974, pp. 62–70; W. J. Baumol, ‘Comment’, ibid., pp. 74–5.
M. Morishima, ‘The Fundamental Marxian Theorem: a Reply to Samuelson’, Journal of Economic Literature, 12, 1974, pp. 71–4
Samuelson had criticised Morishima’s book in his reply to Baumol, and reiterated his objections in Samuelson, ‘Rejoinder: “Merlin Unclothed”, a Final Word’, Journal of Economic Literature, 12, 1974, pp. 75–7. Morishima’s work will be discussed in section IV of this chapter.
M. Bronfenbrenner, ‘Samuelson, Marx and Their Latest Critics’, Journal of Economic Literature, 11, 1973, p. 58.
P.A. Samuelson, ‘Samuelson’s Rep1y on Marxian Matters’, Journal of Economic Literature, 11. 1973. p. 67.
P. Mattick, ‘Samuelson’s “Transformation” of Marxism into Bourgeois Economics’, Science and Society, 36, 1972, pp. 258–73; for Mattick’s earlier work see section I of Ch. 1, and section IV of Ch. 5 above.
D. Laibman, ‘Values and Prices of Production: The Political Economy of the Transformation Problem’, Science and Society, 37, 1973–4, pp. 404–36; Laib-man thanked Samuelson for comments on section IV of the article (p. 430, n.24).
P. M. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970; first published 1942), p. 25
cf. E.K. Hunt, ‘The Meaning and Significance of the Transformation Problem: Two Contrasting Approaches’, Atlantic Economic Journal, XVII, 1989, pp. 47–54, whose distinction between empiricism and rationalism carries very similar implications.
M.C. Howard and J.E. King, The Political Economy of Marx (Harlow: Longman, 1st edn, 1975, pp. 161–2: 2nd edn. 1985. pp. 174–7).
P.M. Sweezy, ‘Marxian Value Theory and Crises’, Monthly Review, 31, July— August 1979, pp. 1–17.
D. Elson, ‘The Value Theory of Labour’, in D. Elson (ed.), Value: The Representation of Labour in Capitalism (London: CSE Books, 1979), pp. 115–80
see also D. Gleicher, ‘The Ontology of Labor Values: Remarks on the “Science and Society” Value Symposium’, Science and Society, 49, 1985–6, pp. 463–71.
See also G. Southworth, ‘Samuelson on Marx: A Note’, Review of Radical Political Economics 4, 1972. pp. 103–11.
Samuelson, ‘Marx as Mathematical Economist’, in G. Horwich and P.A. Samuelson (eds), Trade, Stability, and Macroeconomics: Essays in Honor of Lloyd A. Metzler (New York: Academic Press. 1974) p. 288.
Samuelson, ‘Marx As Mathematical Economist’, p. 301, where he writes of values and prices as representing ‘a dual accounting system’; cf. J.E. King, ‘Samuelson’s Marx—Kritik’, Social Scientist 33, 1975, pp.3–13, pp. 6–7, who notes that the logical structure of the transformation from values into prices is the same as that from Imperial to metric measures, and that this does not entail that one is ‘correct’ and the other ‘false’, and Southworth, ‘Samuelson on Marx’, p. 108.
G. Pilling, ‘The Law of Value in Ricardo and Marx’, Economy and Society, 1, 1972, pp. 281–307
S. de Brunhoff, ‘Marx as an A—Ricardian: Value, Money and Price at the Beginning of “Capital”’ , Economy and Society 2, 1973, pp. 421–30;
cf. B. Fine, Marx’s ‘Capital’ (London: Macmillan, 1975)
and B. Fine and L. Harris, ‘Controversial Issues in Marxist Economic Theory’, Socialist Register, 1976, pp. 141–78.
The relevant articles are collected in B. Fine (ed.), The Value Dimension: Marx Versus Ricardo and Sraffa (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986). This paragraph draws heavily on Fine’s lucid ‘Introduction’ to that volume.
R. Rowthorn, ‘Neo-Ricardianism or Marxism?’, New Left Review, 86, 1974, pp. 63–87; an earlier version appeared as ‘Neoclassical Economics and Its Critics: A Marxist View’, Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 11, 1973, pp. 316–48.
Ibid, pp. 82–7; cf. Howard and King, Political Economy, (1985), pp. 91–107
and I. Steedman, ‘Marx on Ricardo’, in I. Bradley and M.C. Howard (eds), Classical and Marxian Political Economy: Essays in Honour of Ronald Meek (London: Macmillan, 1982), pp. 115–56. Steedman argues that Marx’s critique of Ricardo was unjustified.
Rowthorn, ‘Neo-Ricardianism or Marxism?’, p. 84; cf. F. Roosevelt, ‘Cambridge Economics as Commodity Fetishism’, Review of Radical Political Economics, 7, 1975, p. 7. The same charge was laid against Samuelson: see King, ‘Samuelson’s Marx-Kritik’, p. 9.
‘Rowthorn, ‘Neo-Ricardianism or Marxism?’, p. 75; cf. A. Medio, ‘Neoclassicals, Neo-Ricardians, and Marx’, in J. Schwartz (ed.), The Subtle Anatomy of Capitalism (Santa Monica, Cal.: Goodyear, 1977), pp. 381–411.
R.L. Meek, ‘Karl Marx’s Economic Method’, in Meek, Economics and Ideology and Other Essays (London: Chapman & Hall, 1967), pp. 93–112.
M. Morishima, Marx’s Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973)
Morishima, ‘Marx in the Light of Modern Economic Theory’, Econometrica, 42, 1974, pp. 611–32
Morishima and G. Catephores, Value, Exploitation and Growth (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978).
See also the reviews of Marx’s Economics by C.C. von Weizsäcker, Economic Journal, 83, 1973, pp. 1245–54
I. Steedman, Manchester School, 41, 1973, pp. 355–6
and E. Nell, Journal of Economic Literature, 11. 1973, pp. 1369–72.
The Fundamental Marxian Theorem can be traced back at least as far as F. Seton, ‘The “Transformation Problem”’ , Review of Economic Studies, 24, 1957, p.151, n.2
49a. see also Okishio, ‘Mathematical Note’, pp 292–3. It was thus not discovered by Samuelson in 1971, as suggested by C.C. von Weizsäcker, ‘On Ricardo and Marx’, in E.C. Brown and R.M. Solow (eds), Paul Samuelson and Modern Economic Theory (New York: McGraw-Hill. 1983). pp. 203–10.
On Marx as ‘an intrinsic mathematician’, see Morishima, ‘Marx in the Light’, pp. 612–13; for a discussion of alternative definitions of value in these circumstances. see Howard and King Political Economy (1985). no. 150–6.
I. Steedman, ‘Positive Profits With Negative Surplus Value’, Economic Journal, 85, 1975 pp. 114–23.
M. Morishitna, ‘Positive Profits With Negative Surplus Value: a Comment’, Economic Journal 86, 1976, pp. 599–603
I. Steedman, ‘Positive Profits with Negative Surplus Value: A Reply’, Economic Journal, 86,1976, pp. 604–8.
I. Steedman, Marx After Sraffa (London: New Left Books, 1978), p. 207 (original stress)
cf. P. Garegnani, ‘Sraffa’s Revival of Marxist Economic Theory: An Interview With Pierangelo Garegnani’, New Left Review, 112, 1978, pp. 71–5.
I. Steedman, ‘The Transformation Problem Again’, Bulletin of the Conference of Socialist Economists 2, 1973, pp. 37–42
I. Steedman, ‘Value, Price and Profit’, New Left Review. 90. 1975, pp. 71–80.
See the reviews of Marx After Sraffa by G.C. Harcourt, Journal of Economic Literature, 17, 1979, pp. 534–6
J. Roemer, Science and Society, 43, 1977, pp. 95–9
and L. Mainwaring, Manchester School, 47, 1979, pp. 305–7
see also H. Kurz. ‘Sraffa After Marx’, Australian Economic Papers, 18, 1979, pp. 52–70.
G. Hodgson, ‘Exploitation and Embodied Labour Time’, Bulletin of the Conference of Socialist Economists, 5, 1976, pp. GH 10, GH 18
cf. Hodgson, ‘Marxist Epistemology and the Transformation Problem’, Economy and Society, 3, 1974, pp. 357–92
Hodgson, ‘A Theory of Exploitation Without the Labor Theory of Value’, Science and Society, 44, 1980, pp. 257–73
D. Laibman, ‘Exploitation, Commodity Relations and Capitalism: A Defense of the Labor-Value Formulation’, Science and Societv. 14, 1980, pp. 274–88.
I. Steedman, ‘Thinking Again About Profits’, New Statesman, 5 January 1979, p. 11; see also J.E. King, ‘Value and Exploitation: Some Recent Debates’, in I. Bradley and M.C. Howard, Classical and Marxian, pp. 157–87.
Brody, Proportions, p. 94; K. Marx, Capital, III (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962), p. 174; Sweezy, Theory of Capitalist Development, pp. 128–30.
Meek, Studies in the Labour Theory of Value, (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1956), lst edn, pp. 198–200; cf. (1973) 2nd Edn, pp. xxxii-xl.
M. Morishima and G. Catephores, ‘Is There an “Historical Transformation Problem?”’, Economic Journal, 85, 1975, pp. 309–28.
R.L. Meek, ‘Is There an “Historical Transformation Problem?” A Comment’, Economic Journal, 86, 1976, pp. 342–7
M. Morishima and G. Catephores, ‘The “Historical Transformation Problem“; A Reply’, Economic Journal, 86, 1976, pp. 348–52.
B. Fine, ‘On the Historical Transformation Problem’, Economy and Society, 9, 1980, pp. 337–9
G. Catephores, ‘The Historical Transformation Problem — a Reply’, Economy and Society, 9, 1980, pp. 332–6 (both reprinted in Fine, The Value Dimension, pp. 185–7 and 180–4)
see also G. Hodgson, Capitalism, Value and Exploitation: A Radical Theory (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1982), pp. 104–7.
Morishima and Catephores, ‘“Historical Transformation”’ (1975), pp. 325–6.
M. Desai, ‘The Transformation Problem’, Journal of Economic Surveys, 2, 1988, p. 320.
D.M. Nuti, ‘The Transformation of Labor Values into Production Prices and the Marxian Theory of Exploitation’, in Schwartz, Subtle Anatomy, p. 103; see also G. Abraham-Frois and E. Berrebi, The Theory of Value, Prices and Accumulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 217–18; King. ‘Value and Exploitation’, pp. 161–2.
A. Shaikh, ‘Marx’s Theory of Value and the “Transformation Problem”’, pp. 106–39 of Schwartz, Subtle Anatomy see also Shaikh, ‘The Transformation From Marx to Sraffa’, in E. Mandel and A. Freeman (eds), Ricardo, Marx, Sraffa (London: Verso, 1984), pp. 43–84.
E.K. Hunt and M. Glick, ‘Transformation Problem’, in J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman (eds), The New Palgrave: a Dictionary of Economics, volume IV (London: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 688–91.
See also P. Patnaik, ‘Marx’s Transformation Problem and Ricardo’s Invariant Measure’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 13, 1989, pp. 555–62.
G. Duménil, De La Valeur Aux Prix De Production (Paris: Economica, 1980)
D. Foley, ‘The Value of Money, the Value of Labor Power and the Marxian Transformation Problem’, Review of Radical Political Economics, 14, 1982, pp. 37–47
A. Lipietz, ‘The So—Called “Transformation Problem” Revisited’, Journal of Economic Theory, 26, 1982, pp. 59–88
G. Duménil, ‘Beyond the Transformation Riddle: A Labor Theory of Value’, Science and Society, 47, 1984, pp. 427–50
M. Glick and H. Ehrbar, ‘The Transformation Problem: An Obituary’, Australian Economic Papers, 26, 1987, pp. 294–317.
D.K. Foley, Understanding Capital: Marx’s Economic Theory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 95–102.
On Marx as a general equilibrium theorist see Morishima, Marx’s Economics, pp. 1–2 and, for a more extreme view, S. Hollander, ‘Marxian Economics as “General Equilibrium” Theory’, History of Political Economy, 13, 1981, pp. 121–55.
E. Farjoun and M. Machover, Laws of Chaos: A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy (London: Verso, 1983)
E. Farjoun, ‘The Production of Commodities By Means of What?’, in Mandel and Freeman, Ricardo, pp. 11–41; H. Nikaido, ‘Marx on Competition’, Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie, 43, 1983, pp. 337–62.
J.A. Clifton, ‘Competition and the Evolution of the Capitalist Mode of Production’. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1. 1977. 137–51.
I. Steedman, review of Laws of Chaos, Economic Journal, 93, 1983, pp. 1015–16; this is the only review that we have been able to locate.
W. Semmler, ‘Competition: Marxian Conceptions’ in New Palgrave, I, pp. 540— 2. See also Nikaido, ‘Marx on Competition’;, I. Steedman, ‘Natural Prices, Differential Profit Rates, and the Classical Competitive Process’, Manchester School, 52, 1984, pp. 123–40
L. Boggio, ‘On the Stability of Production Prices’, Metroeconomica, 37, 1985, pp. 241–67
W. Semmler (ed.), Competition, Instability and Nonlinear Cycles (Berlin: Springer–Verlag, 1986)
Part I; P. Flaschel and W. Semmler, ‘Classical and Neoclassical Competitive Adjustment Processes’, Manchester School, 55, 1987, pp. 13–37
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and R. Walker, ‘The Dynamics of Value, Price and Profit’, Capital and Class, 35, 1988, pp. 143–82.
For a fuller discussion of these issues, see Howard and King, Political Economy (1985), Ch. 7.
M. Blaug, ‘Another Look at the Labour Reduction Problem in Marx’, in Bradley and Howard, Classical and Marxian, pp. 188–202; U. Krause, ‘Heterogeneous Labour and the Fundamental Marxian Theorem’, Review of Economic Studies, 48, 1981, pp. 173–8.
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P.B. Doeringer and M.J. Piore, Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1971), Ch. 8
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and M. Segal, ‘Post-Institutionalism in Labor Economics: The Forties and Fifties Reconsidered’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 39, 1986, pp. 388–403.
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and D.M. Gordon, R.C. Edwards and M. Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
J.E. King, Labour Economics (London: Macmillan, 1990), 2nd edn, Ch. 6.
S. Bowles and H. Gintis, ‘The Marxian Theory of Value and Heterogeneous Labour: A Critique and Reformulation’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 1, 1977, pp. 173–92
M. Morishima, ‘S. Bowles and H. Gintis on the Marxian Theory of Value and Heterogeneous Labour’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2, 1978, pp. 305–9
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E.J. McKenna, ‘A Comment on Bowles and Gintis’ Marxian Theory of Value’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 5, 1981, 281–4
S. Bowles and H. Gintis, ‘Labour Heterogeneity and the Labour Theory of Value: A Reply’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 5, 1981, pp. 285–8.
H. Gintis, ‘The Nature of the Labor Exchange’, Review of Radical Political Economics, 8, 1976, pp. 36–54
H. Gintis and S. Bowles, ‘Structure and Practices in the Labor Theory of Value’, Review of Radical Political Economics, 12, 1981, pp. 1–26; Hodgson, Capitalism, Value and Exploitation, pp. 178–82.
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I. Gough, ‘Marx’s Theory of Productive and Unproductive Labour’, New Left Review 76, 1972, pp. 47–72
E.K. Hunt, ‘The Categories of Productive and Unproductive Labor in Marxist Economic Theory’, Science and Society, 43, 1979, pp. 303–25
Howard and King, Political Economy (1985), pp. 128–32; see also section V of Ch. 6 above, and section VI of Ch. 16 below.
P.A. Samuelson, ‘A Modern Treatment of the Ricardian Economy’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 73, 1959, pp. 1–35 and 217–31.
Howard and King, Political Economy (1985), pp. 150–6
O. Horverak, ‘Marx’s View of Competition and Price Determination’, History of Political Economy, 20, 1988, pp. 275–97.
See Ch. 10 above, and also A. Shaikh, ‘Foreign Trade and the Law of Value’, Science and Society, 43, 1979, pp. 281–302 and 44, 1980, pp. 27–57.
P.M. Sweezy, ‘Monopoly Capital and the Theory of Value’, Monthly Review, 25, January 1974, pp. 31–2.
M.C. Sawyer, The Economics of Michal Kalecki (London: Macmillan, 1985), Ch. 2.
Brody, Proportions, p. 91; Farjoun and Machover, Laws of Chaos Gintis and Bowles, ‘Structure and Practice’, pp. 7, 18–21; Hodgson, Capitalism, Value and Exploitation, pp. 59, 77–81, 91–2; J.E. Roemer, Analytical Foundations of Marxian Economic Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981) , pp. 204–8
E.K. Hunt, ‘The Meaning and Significance of the Transformation Problem: Two Contrasting Approaches’, Atlantic Economic Journal, 17, 1989, pp. 47–54.
This is true as a matter of logic. Less formally, empirical research indicates that labour value ratios are in fact very closely correlated with ratios of prices of production, and that this correlation is not sensitive to quite substantial variations in the rate of profit. See P. Petrovic, ‘The Deviation of Production Prices from Labour Values: Some Methodology and Empirical Evidence’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 11, 1987, pp. 197–210.
J. Robinson, An Essay on Marxian Economics (London: Macmillan, 1942), p. 20; original stress.
H.J. Sherman, ‘A Marxist Theory of the Business Cycle’, Review of Radical Political Economics, 11, 1979, pp. 1–23
K. Cowling, Monopoly Capitalism (London: Macmillan, 1982)
M.C. Sawyer, Macroeconomics in Question (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1982).
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Howard, M.C., King, J.E. (1992). Marxian Value Theory After Sraffa. In: A History of Marxian Economics. Radical Economics. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21890-5_14
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