Abstract
These statements, both made by committees set up to investigate and make recommendations on the maternity services and separated by a period of 36 years, help to illustrate the enormous change that has taken place in the way in which childbirth is viewed. In the first quotation childbirth is viewed as a ‘normal’ process experienced by ‘healthy women’. The second statement on the other hand portrays a view of childbirth as a pathological process in which medical intervention may well be required.
It is clearly unsatisfactory to base the provision of maternity beds solely on obstetric needs; preferences, home conditions, and domestic ties must be taken into account. The maternity services cater in the main for healthy women going through a normal physiological process; their needs, therefore, are more complex than those of the sick, where the clinical aspect is all-important.
(Joint Committee of the RCOG and the Population Investigation Committee 1948)
As unforseen complications can occur in any birth, every mother should be encouraged to have her baby in a maternity unit where emergency facilities are readily available.
(Maternity Services Advisory Committee 1984)
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aiment E A J, Barr A, Reid M, Reid J J A 1967 Normal confinement: a domiciliary and hospital study. British Medical Journal 2: 530–35
Ashford J R 1978 Policies for maternity care in England and Wales: too fast too far? In: Kitzinger S, Davis J (eds) The place of birth. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Barron S L, Thomson A M, Philips P R 1977 Home and hospital confinement in Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1960–1969. British Journal of Obstetricts and Gynaecology 84: 401–11
Black N 1982 Do general practitioner deliveries constitute a perinatal mortality risk? British Medical Journal 284: 488–90
Brody H, Thompson J R 1981 The maximum strategy in modern obstetrics. Journal of Family Practice 12: 977–86
Butler N R, Alberman E D 1969 Perinatal problems. Livingstone, Edinburgh, London
Caetano D F 1975 The relationship of medical specialization (obstetricians and general practitioners) to complications in pregnancy and delivery, birth injury and malformation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 123: 221–27
Campbell R 1979 A study of selected aspects of the change in the place of confinement with particular reference to Plymouth. Unpublished undergraduate dissertation, Plymouth Polytechnic
Campbell R, Macdonald Davies I, Macfarlane A 1982 Perinatal mortality and place of delivery. Population Trends 28: 9–12
Campbell R, Macdonald Davies I, Macfarlane A, Beral V 1984 Home births in England and Wales; perinatal mortality according to intended place of delivery. British Medical Journal 289: 721–24
Campbell R, Macfarlane A 1987 Where to be born? The debate and the evidence. National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford
Caplan M, Madeley R J 1985 Home deliveries in Nottingham 1980–81. Public Health 99: 307–13
Cavenagh A J M, Phillips K M, Sheridan B, Williams E M J 1984 Contribution of isolated general practitioner maternity units. British Medical Journal 288: 1438–40
Chalmers I, Zlosnik J E, Johns K A, Campbell H 1976 Obstetric practice and outcome of pregnancy in Cardiff residents 1965–1973. British Medical Journal 1: 735–8
Chalmers I, Macfarlane A J 1980 Interpretation of perinatal statistics. In Wharton B (ed) Topics in perinatal medicine. Pitman, London
Chamberlain G, Phillip E, Howlett B, Masters K 1978 British Births 1970, Volume 2, Obstetric Care. Heinemann, London
Chamberlain R, Chamberlain G, Hewlett B, Claireaux A 1975 British births 1970, volume 1, the first week of life. Heinemann, London
Damstra-Wijmenga S M I 1984 Home confinement: the positive results in Holland. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 34: 425–30
DHSS 1970 Domiciliary midwifery and maternity bed needs (Peel Report) HMSO, London
Ferster G, Pethybridge R 1973 The costs of a local maternity care system. Hospital and Health Services Review July: 243–47
Flint C, Poulengeris P, Grant A 1989 The ‘Know Your Midwife scheme’ — a randomised trial of continuity of care by a team of midwives. Midwifery 5: 11–16
Fryer J G, Ashford A 1972 Trends in perinatal and neonatal mortality in England and Wales 1960–9. British Journal of Preventive Social Medicine 26: 1–9
Garrett T, House W, Lowe S W 1987 Outcome of women booked into an isolated general practitioner maternity unit over eight years. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 37: 488–90
Gillie O 1980 Hospital v home childbirth row looms. Sunday Times 16 November: 6
Gray A M, Steele R 1981 The economics of specialist and general practitioner maternity units. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 31: 586–92
Goldthorpe W O, Richman J 1974 Maternal attitudes to unintended home confinements. A case study of the effects of a hospital strike upon domiciliary confinements. Practitioner 212: 845–53.
Gordon I, Elias Jones T F 1960 The place of confinement: home or hospital? The mother’s preference. British Medical Journal 52: 3
Hansard 1987 House of Commons. Parliamentary Debates 121, col 910: W
Heady J A, Daly C, Morris J N 1955 Social and biological factors in infant mortality II. Variations of mortality with mother’s age and parity. Lancet ii: 395–97
Heady J A, Morris J N 1956 Social and biological factors in infant mortality VI. Mothers who have their babies in hospitals and nursing homes. British Journal of Preventive Social Medicine 10: 97–106
Hemminki E 1985 Perinatal mortality distributed by type of hospital in the central hospital district of Helsinki, Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 13: 113–18
Holdsworth J 1989 The role of the general practitioner in intrapartum obstetric care. Unpublished General Practice project. Sheffield University Medical School
House of Commons Social Services Committee (HC) 1980 Perinatal and neonatal mortality. Second report from the Social Services Committee, Sessions 1979–80, Vol I: Cmnd. 663–1. HMSO, London
Hudson C K 1968 Domiciliary obstetrics in a groups practice. Practitioner 201: 816–22
James R 1977a Letter to New Society 39: 248
James D K 1977b Patients transferred in labour from general practitioner maternity units. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 27: 414–18
Joint Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Population Investigation Committee 1948 Maternity in Great Britain. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Kitzinger S, Davis J A 1978 The Place of Birth. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Klein M, Lloyd I, Redman C, Bull M, Turnbull A C 1980 A comparison of a sample of low-risk women delivering in two systems of care — shared care (consultant team) and community care (integrated general practice [GP] unit). Paper presented at Pregnancy Care for the 1980s held at the Royal Society of Medicine, London
Klein M, Lloyd I, Redman C, Bull M Turnbull A C 1983 A comparison of low risk pregnant women booked for delivery in two systems of care. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 90: 118–22
Klein M, Elbourne D, Lloyd I 1985 Booking for maternity care, a comparison of two systems. Occasional paper 31. RCGP, London
Klein M, Zander L 1989 Role of the family practitioner in maternity care. In Chalmers I, Enkin M, Kierse M (eds) Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Lievaart M, de Jong P A 1982 Neonatal morbidity in deliveries conducted by midwives and gynaecologists. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 114: 376–86
Lilford R J 1987 Clinical experimentation in obstetrics. British Medical Journal 295: 1298–1300
Lumley J 1988 The safety of small maternity hospitals in Victoria 1982–84. Community Health studies. XII (4): 386–93
Macdonald Davies I 1980 Perinatal and infant death rates: social and biological factors. Population Trends 19: 19–21
Maternity Services Advisory Committee 1984 Maternity Care in Action Part II Care during childbirth (intrapartum care): a guide to good practice and a plan for action. HMSO, London
Mehl L E 1978 The outcome of home delivery: research in the United States. In Kitzinger S, Davis J A (eds) The place of birth. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Morgan B M, Bulpitt C, Clifton P, Lewis P J 1984 The consumers’ attitude to obstetric care. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 91: 624–8
Ministry of Health 1920 Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer 1919–1920. HMSO, London
Mugford M 1988 Economies of scale and low risk maternity care: what is the evidence. Unpublished paper
Murphy J F, Dauncey M, Gray O P, Chalmers I 1984 Planned and unplanned deliveries at home: implications of a changing ratio. British Medical Journal 288: 1429–32
O’Brien M 1978 Home and hospital confinement: a comparison of the experiences of mothers having home and hospital confinements. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 28: 460–66
OPCS Monitor 1988 Infant and perinatal mortality 1986: Birthweight, DH3 88 / 1. Government Statistical Service, London
Rees H G St M 1961 A domiciliary obstetric practice 1948–58. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 4: 47–71
Rosenblatt R A, Deinken J, Shoemack P 1985 Is obstetrics safe in small hospitals? Evidence from New Zealand’s Regionalised Perinatal System. Lancet ii: 429–31
Royal College of Midwives 1987 Towards a healthy nation. RCM, London
Rutter P 1964 Domiciliary midwifery — is it justifiable. Lancet ii: 1228–30
Sax S 1983 Report of the Commission of Inquiry into South Australian Hospitals. South Australian Health Commission, Adelaide
Scherjon S 1986 A comparison between the organisation of obstetrics in Denmark and the Netherlands. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 93: 684–89
Schwarz E 1990 The engineering of childbirth: a new obstetric programme as reflected in British obstetric textbooks, 1960–1980. In: Garcia J, Kilpatrick R, Richards M (eds) The politics of maternity care. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Senn S J Unpublished analyses
Shaw G B S 1906 Preface to ‘The Doctor’s Dilemma’. Constable, London
Shearer J M L 1985 Five year prospective survey of risk of booking for home birth. British Medical Journal 291: 1478–80
Shepperdson B 1983 Home or hospital birth? A study of women’s attitudes. Health Visitor 56: 405–6
Taylor A 1986 Maternity Services: the consumer’s view. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 36: 157–60
Taylor G W, Edgar W, Taylor B A, Neal D G 1980 How safe is general practitioner obstetrics? Lancet ii: 1287–89
Tew M 1978 The case against hospital deliveries: the statistical evidence. In Kitzinger S, Davis J A (eds) The place of birth. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Tew M 1981 Effects of scientific obstetrics on perinatal mortality. Health and Social Services Journal 91: 444–46
Tew M 1985a Place of birth and perinatal mortality. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 35: 390–4
Tew M 1985b Home births: we have the technology. Nursing Times 81 (47): 22–4
Tew M 1986 Do obstetric interventions make births safer? British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 93: 659–74
Tew M 1987 Is home birth less safe? Paper presented at the First International Conference on Home Birth, October 24th and 25th, Wembley Conference Centre, London
Treffers P E, Laan R 1986 Regional perinatal mortality and regional hospitalisation at delivery in the Netherlands. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 93: 690–93
Woodall J 1968 No place like home. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 61: 1032–34
Young G 1987 Are isolated maternity units run by general practitioners dangerous? British Medical Journal 294: 744–46
Suggested further reading
Campbell R, Macfarlane A 1987 Where to be born? The debate and the evidence. National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford
Tew M 1985 Place of birth and perinatal mortality. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 35: 390–94
Garcia J, Kilpatrick R, Richards M P 1990 The politics of maternity care. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Klein M, Zander L 1989 The role of the family practitioner in maternity care. In Chalmers I, Enkins M, Kierse M (eds) Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1990 Rona Campbell
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Campbell, R. (1990). The place of birth. In: Alexander, J., Levy, V., Roch, S. (eds) Intrapartum Care. Midwifery Practice. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20981-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20981-1_1
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-51370-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-20981-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)