Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to explore some implications for rural income distribution and labour utilisation of different institutional arrangements for land ownership and organisation of agricultural production. While the problems of poverty, income distribution and employment have been much discussed in recent years, relatively few attempts have been made to isolate the impact of institutional arrangements. For the purpose of this discussion, ‘institutional arrangements’ or ‘agrarian systems’ are defined narrowly to refer to patterns of ownership of means of production, primarily land, and of organisation of agricultural production. Before proceeding further, it is important at the outset to make explicit the scope and limitations of this paper.
I am grateful to participants at an internal ILO seminar for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. I am indebted to Mrs Gahaad for assistance with documentation. The author alone is responsible for the views expressed here which must not in any case be attributed to the ILO.
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Notes
For a convenient summary of land distribution, landlessness and tenancy in developing countries see Dharam Ghai, Eddy Lee and Samir Radwan, Rural Poverty in the Third World: Trends, Causes and Policy Reorientations (Working Paper, World Employment Programme, ILO, Geneva, 1979).
Central Bureau of Statistics, Agricultural Census (Kathmandu, 1962).
M. A. Zaman, Evaluation of Land Reform in Nepal (Kathmandu, 1972).
Dharam Ghai and Md. Anisur Rahman, Rural Poverty and The Small Farmers’ Development Programme in Nepal (Working Paper, World Employment Programme, ILO, Geneva, 1979).
National Planning Commission, A Survey of Employment, Income Distribution and Consumption Patterns in Nepal (Kathmandu, 1978).
Mahesh C. Regni, Land Ownership in Nepal (University of California Press, 1976)
and APROSC, Agrarian Reform and Rural Development in Nepal (Kathmandu, 1976).
FAO, Production Yearbook (Rome, 1979).
Hakchung Choo, Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Korea (Working Paper, Korean Development Institute, 1978).
Eddy Lee, ‘Egalitarian Peasant Farming and Rural Development: The Case of South Korea’ in Dharam Ghai, Azizur Rahman Khan, Eddy Lee, Samir Radwan (eds), Agrarian Systems and Rural Development (Macmillan, London, 1970).
Paul W. Kuznets, Economic Growth and Structure in the Republic of Korea (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1977).
Dharam Ghai and Reginald Herbold Green, ‘Ujamaa and Villagisation in Tanzania’ in Ghai et al., Agrarian Systems and Rural Development, op. cit
and Dharam Ghai, Eddy Lee, Justin Maeda, Samir Radwan (eds); Overcoming Rural Underdevelopment (ILO, Geneva, 1979).
The source of data on Soviet Central Asia throughout is Azizur Rahman Khan and Dharam Ghai, Collective Agriculture and Rural Development in Soviet Central Asia (Macmillan, London, 1979).
Thomas G. Rawski, Industrialisation, Technology and Employment in the People’s Republic of China (Oxford University Press, 1979).
National Planning Commission, A Survey of Employment. Income Distribution and Consumption Patterns in Nepal, op. cit.
World Bank, The World Development Report, 1978.
World Bank, Korea: Policy Issues for Long-Term Development (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1979).
Montek S. Ahluwalia, ‘Inequality, Poverty and Development’, in Journal of Development Economics, 3 (1976).
Dwight Perkins, Rural Development in Korea, Harvard Institute for International Development (1979).
The one attempt made to arrive at such estimates known to the author is contained in World Bank, Tanzania: Basic Economic Report (Washington, 1977).
The results of many of these studies are analysed in Ghai and Green, ‘Ujamaa and Villagisation in Tanzania’, op. cit.
The profile of six villages is contained in Dharam Ghai, Eddy Lee, Justin Maeda, Samir Radwan (eds), Overcoming Rural Underdevelopment (ILO, 1979).
J. J. Stern, ‘Growth, Redistribution and Resource Use’, in Background Papers: Tripartite World Conference on Employment, Income Distribution and Social Progress and the International Division of Labour (ILO, Geneva, 1976).
Azizur Rahman Khan, ‘The Distribution of Income in Rural China’, in ILO, Poverty and Landlessness in Rural Asia (Geneva, 1977).
Ng Gek-boo, Grass-Root Management in Rural China: The Workpoint System of the People’s Communes (World Employment Programme Working Paper, ILO, Geneva, 1979).
Khan, ‘The Distribution of Income in Rural China’, op. cit.
Khan and Ghai, ‘Collective agriculture and Rural Development in Soviet Central Asia’, op. cit.
Alastair McAuley, Economic Welfare in the Soviet Union (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1979).
Ng Gek-boo, Rural Inequalities and Commune System in China (World Employment Programme Working Paper, ILO, Geneva, 1976).
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Development Planning. Labour Force Survey of Tanzania (Dar Es Salaam, 1966).
Rawski, ibid., and Curtis Ullerich, Rural Employment and Manpower Problems in China (M. E. Sharp, New York, 1979).
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© 1984 International Economic Association
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Ghai, D. (1984). Income Distribution and Labour Utilisation Under Different Agrarian Systems. In: Amin, S. (eds) Human Resources, Employment and Development Volume 5: Developing Countries. International Economic Association Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17461-4_7
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