Abstract
The problems which confronted the Irish Church came from three different sources: the international problems created by the attack on Christianity itself inherent in the philosophies of the Age of Reason; the national problems created by a minority established Church and a country divided not only by religion but also by race and languages; while at a local level all the Churches were confronted with the persistence of pre-Christian beliefs and the hold which these exerted over the people.
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Notes
See M. Wall, The Penal Laws (Dublin, 1967);
W. E. H. Lecky, A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1902–6) vol. ii, pp. 272–3.
See K. H. Connell, The Population of Ireland 1750–1845 (Oxford, 1950);
H. Fenning, The Undoing of the Friars of Ireland (Louvain,, 1972) p. 40;
P. J. Corish, The Irish Church under the Penal Code (Dublin, 1971) pp. 40–1;
J. Hort, Instructions to the Clergy (Carlisle, 1742) pp. 23–4: these instructions contain very basic everyday advice.
C. S. King, A Great Archbishop of Dublin, William King D. D. 1650–1729 (London, 1906);
H. Boulter, Letters (Oxford, 1769) vol. i, p. 223,
D. O. Madden, The Speeches of the Rt. Hon. Henry Grattan (London, 1853) p. 119.
R. Mant, A History of the Church of Ireland (London, 1840) vol. ii, pp. 781–91.
W. D. Killen, Ecclesiastical History of Ireland (London, 1875) vol. ii, p. 214.
J. S. Burn, History of the French, Walloon, Dutch and Other Foreign Protestants in England (London, 1846) p. 248.
J. C. Beckett, Protestant Dissent in Ireland 1689–1780 (London, 1948) p. 128;
E. Burke, Works (London, 1792–1827) vol. v, p. 353,
E. N. Williams, The Eighteenth Century Constitution (Cambridge, 1960) p. 319.
Quoted in G. C. Lewis On Local Disturbances in Ireland (London, 1836) p. 34.
J. M. Barkley Short History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (Belfast, 1959) p. 31.
W. P. Burke The Irish Priest in the Penal Times 1600–1760 (Waterford, 1914) pp. 252, 257.
P. Boyle, ‘The Irish College in Paris 1578–1901’, Irish Ecclesiastical Record, vols xi–xii (1902);
see also T. J. Walsh, The Irish Continental College Movement (Dublin, 1973).
See K. Danaher The Year in Ireland (Cork, 1972);
E. E. Evans Irish Folk Ways (London, 1957) esp. pp. 267–94.
Carleton, Midnight Mass Mercier Press edn (Cork, 1973) pp. 110, 124.
P. Edwards (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (London, 1967) vol. vii, p. 142;
H. M. C. Charlemont Manuscripts and Correspondence ed. J. T. Gilbert (London, 1891) vol. i, p. 122;
J. S. Reid, History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (Belfast, 1867) vol. iii, p. 293;
J. McManners, French Ecclesiastical Society under the Ancien Regime (Manchester, 1960) especially pp. 10–11.
See also J. McManners, The French Revolution and the Church (London, 1969).
Quoted in I. O. Wade, The Clandestine Organisation and Diffusion of Ideas From France from 1700 to 1750 (Princeton, 1938) p. 5.
C. Giblin, Irish Exiles in Europe (Dublin, 1971) p. 17. This fascicle is published with Corish, The Irish Church under the Penal Code.
R. R. Madden, The United Irishmen (London, 1842–6) vol. i, App. x, p. 586.
J. M. Roberts, The Mythology of Secret Societies (London, 1972) pp. 41–2, 60, 105;
See also R. Jacob, The Rise of the United Irishmen (London, 1937) p. 187.
D. H. Akenson and W. H. Crawford, James Orr, the Bard of Ballycarry (Belfast, 1978).
J. R. R. Adams, ‘Reading Societies in Ulster’, Ulster Folklife, vol. xxvi (1980) pp. 56–64.
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© 1983 Oliver MacDonagh
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Johnston, E.M. (1983). Problems Common to both Protestant and Catholic Churches in Eighteenth-Century Ireland. In: MacDonagh, O., Mandle, W.F., Travers, P. (eds) Irish Culture and Nationalism, 1750–1950. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17129-3_2
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