Abstract
During the 1820s there were debates on policing in both England and France. In England the arguments principally concerned the metropolis and how the system might be improved.1 In France the questions raised concerned the nature of professional policing: had it not become too political? How could the detective force be trusted? The situation in England changed with the publication, in July 1828, of a report from a select committee of Parliament appointed to look into the police of London, which rejected the traditional fears of police constituting a threat to liberty; fourteen months later the first uniformed constables of the Metropolitan Police took to the streets. The sheer size and appearance of this force constituted a significant break with the past. In France there was no such dramatic break, but towards the end of the decade there was a positive attempt to improve the image of the Paris police.
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References
See inter alia L. B. Allen, Brief Considerations on the Present State of Police of the Metropolis (1821);
T. B. W. Dudley, The Tocsin: Or, a Review of the London Police Establishments, with Hints for their Improvement (1828),
G. B. Mainwaring, Observations on the Present State of Police of the Metropolis (1821). For an example of a provincial demand for an ‘active police’, see Beds. RO QSR 1821/711.
For Ultra attitudes, see Alan B. Spitzer, Old Hatreds and Young Hopes: The French Carbonari against the Bourbon Restoration (Cambridge, Mass., 1971) pp. 51–2. For Liberal criticism, see for example speeches on the 1821 budget proposals by Labbey de Pompières and Lafayette, Moniteur (4 and 5 June 1821).
Tulard, Paris, pp. 375 and 379; Le Clère, ‘Louis Beffara’, 288–9.
AN F7 9874 (Vendée), dossier B. Foussé.
AN F7 9874 (Vendée), dossier J. Contancin.
Louis Canler, Memoirs de Canler: Ancien Chef du Service de Sûreté, (1968 edn) pp 34–7.
Pierre Riberette, ‘De la Police de Napoléon à la Police de la Congregation’, in Aubert et al., L’Etat et sa Police, p. 41.
Canler, Memoires pp. 37 and 75–6; Tulard, Paris, pp. 429 and 432; Riberette, ‘De la Police de Napoléon,’ pp. 41–5.
Riberette (pp. 53–4), basing his conclusions on documentation in AN F7 6755, estimates that there were two brigades of secret agents with some twenty-four and thirty-six agents respectively in Paris.
Alan B. Spitzer, ‘The Bureaucrat as Proconsul: the Restoration Prefect and the Police Général’, Comparative Studies in History and Society, VII (1965) 371–92.
AN F7 9869 (Seine-Inferieure), dossier H. Garcon.
AN F7 9847 (Eure), dossier C. Lecordier.
AN F7 9874 (Haute-Vienne), dossier H. L. Arnaud.
AN F7 9841 (Ariège), dossier J. Mouisse.
AN F7 9869 (Seine-lnfereure), Objets généraux.
Riberette, ‘De la Police de Napoléon,’ p. 54.
M. Froment, La Police Devoilée (3 vols, 2nd edn 1830) 11, p. 281.
Quoted in Tulard, Paris, pp. 436–7.
In their Histoire du Corps du Gardiens de la Paix (1894) p. 87, Alfred Rey and Louis Feron state that 71 inspecteurs were made sergents in March 1829; Tulard (Paris, p. 478) states that of the 85 sergents employed in August, 58 were ex-soldiers and 22 were former inspecteurs. A precise analysis is impossible as the records of the first sergents were destroyed during the Commune.
Weekly Dispatch (6 Sep. 1829); Standard (7 Dec. 1829).
Parity Debates (New Series) VII, 795–6 and 803.
Parity Debates (New Series) XVII, 795; for Peel’s criminal-law reforms, and his attitudes to police during the 1820s, see Norman Gash, Mr. Secretary Peel: The Life and Times of Sir Robert Peel (1961) ch. 14 passim.
PP Report from the Select Committee on the Police of the Metropolis, 1828, p. 22.
PP … Select Committee on the Police … 1834, q. 128.
Wilbur R. Miller, Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London (Chicago, 1977) pp. 26–7; Sopenhoff, ‘The Police of London,’ pp. 80–3.
For the commissioners’ comments on their men see, in particular, PP … Select Committee on the Police … 1834, p. 18 and qq. 46, 54, 61, 105, 144–5.
Weekly Dispatch (8 Nov. 1829); and see also 22 and 29 Nov. 1829.
Timothy Cavanagh, Scotland Yard Past and Present: Experiences of Thirty-Seven Years (1893) p. 2.
Times (25 Sep. 1829).
Times (14 Oct. 1829).
Jenifer Hart, ‘Reform of the Borough Police 1835–1856’, EHR LXX (1955) 411–27;
John Field, ‘Police, Power and Community in a Provincial English Town: Portsmouth 1815–1875’, in Victor Bailey (ed.), Policing and Punishment in Nineteenth-Century Britain (1981) esp. pp. 47–50.
F. C. Mather, Public Order in the Age of the Chartists (Manchester, 1959) p. 105, quotes the figure of 2246 London policemen being sent into the provinces to maintain order or arrest offenders between June 1830 and January 1838.
Ibid., p. 120; Arthur Redford, The History of Local Government in Manchester: Borough and City (1940) pp. 42–4.
Hansard (3rd series) XLIX, 727–31, 733–4 and L, 356–7.
Quoted in Mather, Public Order, p. 131.
Hansard (3rd series) XLIX, 730.
David Philips, Crime and Authority in Victorian England (1977) pp. 68 and 72–3; Clive Emsley, ‘The Bedfordshire Police 1840–1856: a Case Study in the Working of the Rural Constabulary Act’, Midland History (1982).
Mather, Public Order, p. 136; Philips, Crime and Authority, pp. 65–9.
E. C. Midwinter, Law and Order in Early Victorian Lancashire (York, 1968) pp. 17–18.
Quotations from Times (7 and 29 Jan. 1842); see also reports in 8, 10, 11, 13, 15 and 28 Jan. 1842.
Phrase used in a printed petition adopted by 97 of Bedfordshire’s 145 parishes in Nov. 1842, see Emsley, ‘Bedfordshire Police’.
Léon Faucher, Etudes sur l’Angleterre (2 vols, 1845) 1, pp. 124, 244, 272.
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© 1983 Clive Emsley
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Emsley, C. (1983). Old Fears and a New Model. In: Policing and its Context 1750–1870. Themes in Comparative History. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17043-2_4
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