Abstract
Since 1939, at least, a growing number of wage or salary workers in Ghana (the Gold Coast until 1957) have been organising themselves in trade unions in order to augment their collective capacity to acquire a larger share of the resources they create and to participate in decisions affecting the political economy. This attempt to alter the workers-union relationship with the private sector and the state — as the largest employer — has been marked by tension, conflict and coercion as well as some co-operation. Industrial relations often have the quality of an uneasy and armed truce, in which there is scant acceptance at the level of social belief in the changing laws, regulations, and institutional mechanisms which link labour, private employers, and the state. There have been five governments in Ghana since 1939: the colonial government until 1951 and in attenuated form until 1957; the Nkrumah regime, 1951–66; the military National Liberation Council (NLC*), 1966–69; the Progress Party government of Kofi Busia, 1969–72; and the military National Redemption Council (NRC) since 1972. It is not simply that the frequent changes in regime have forced new decisions and terms in the relationships of workers and unions to both the private sector employer and the state. The terms and mechanisms of these relations have changed frequently during these regimes, been altered politically and often coercively, and have not been stabilised in fact or in the beliefs of those involved.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
An early colonial report observed that ‘one of the most serious problems connected with the Gold Coast is the dearth of labour to which the character of the inhabitants largely contributes.’ Quoted in Stephen Hymer, ‘The Political Economy of the Gold Coast and Ghana’, Government and Economic Development, Gustav Ranis, ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 135.
This is a perspective shared by both many liberals, Keynesians, Marxists and neo-Marxists. See Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957);
E. J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968);
M. Barratt Brown, The Economics of Imperialism (Baltimore: Penguin, 1974);
Eric Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), especially the conclusion.
See Polly Hill, Migrant Cocoa-Farmers of Southern Ghana (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963).
R. Szereszewski, Structural Changes in the Economy of Ghana, 1891–1911 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965), pp. 29, 47, 67, 74–75.
Polly Hill, The Gold Coast Cocoa Farmer (London: Oxford University Press, 1956), chs 1–3.
David Kimble, A Political History of Ghana (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), p. 466.
Roger Thomas, ‘Forced Labour in British West Africa: The Case of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, 1906–1927’, Journal of African History, XIV, 1 (1973), p. 93.
See E. J. Berg, ‘Backward-Sloping Labor Supply Functions in Dual Economies-The African Case’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, LXXV, 3 (August 1961).
See ‘Preliminary Report … on Investigation Regarding the High DeathRate of Mines Labourers’, Sessional Paper IV, 1925–26; A. J. Murray and J. A. Crocket, Medical Department, Gold Coast, Report on Silicosis and Tuberculosis among Mine-Workers in the Gold Coast (1946); Kofi Busia, Report on a Social Survey of Sekondi-Takoradi (London: Crown Agents for Colonies, for Gold Coast Government, 1950), pp. 5–14 on housing.
J. I. Roper, Labour Problems in West Africa (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1958), p. 52, fn. 1 for data on prosecutions.
Gold Coast, Legislative Council ‘Report of a Select Committee of the Legislative Council to Consider the Provisions of the Regulation of Employment Bill’, Sessional Paper II, 1920–21, p. 4.
Gold Coast, Mines Department, Report(s), 1913, 1915; Roper, p. 35.
Gold Coast, Report of the Gold Coast Mines Board of Enquiry, 1956 (1956), p. 36.
Miranda Greenstreet, ‘Labour Relations in the Gold Coast with Special Reference to the Ariston Strike (Part II)’, The Economic Bulletin of Ghana, 2nd series, II, 3 (1972), pp. 30–40.
Douglas Rimmer, ‘The New Industrial Relations in Ghana’, Industrial and Labour Relations Review, XIV, 2 (Jan. 1961), p. 209.
For example, it was thought that the two-week strike for higher wages by 1922 domestic cooks and stewards (50 per cent of their union) was ‘not based on genuine grievances which had been made clear to employers’, which is doubtful. In the Chamber of Mines-MEU negotiations in 1946, the Labour Officer asked the Chamber of Mines to hold off on another meeting with the MEU while he toured the mines, since he hoped to convince MEU representatives that ‘their attitude and demands were unreasonable’. Gold Coast, Matters of a Trade Dispute between the Gold Coast Mines Employees’ Union and the Gold Coast Chamber of Mines: Award of Arbitrator (1947). p. 58.
R. B. Davidson, ‘Labor Relations and Trade Unionism in the Gold Coast’, Industrial and Labour Relations Review, VII (1954), p. 152.
Elliot Berg and J. Butler, ‘Trade Unions’, Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa, ed. James Coleman and Carl Rosberg (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), pp. 348–51, 358, 369–70).
Ghana, Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Funds of the Ghana Trades Union Congress (1969), pp. 118, 122–23, 130–31.
See Richard Sandbrook, Proletarians and African Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975) on the role of union dues in keeping union leaders responsive.
See the criticisms of state enterprises in B. T. Bartimeus, Industrial, Commercial, and General Workers’ Union, Progress Report to the First Biennial Convention, 1963 (Accra: ICU, 1963), pp. 48–54.
Kodwo Ewusi, The Distribution of Monetary Incomes in Ghana (Legon, Ghana: Institute of Statistical Social and Economic Research, Technical Publication No. 14, 1971), p. 43.
Ghana Employers Association, ‘Extracts of Collective Agreements, (Accra: GEA 1964).
Ghana, Report of the Commission on the Structure and Remuneration of the Public Services in Ghana (1967), pp. 29, 31.
See Ghana, Report on the Commission of Enquiry into the Funds of the Ghana Trades Union Congress (1969).
See Ghana, Report of the Commission on the Structure and Remuneration of the Public Services in Ghana (1967).
Ghana, Report of the Commission of Enguiry into the Obuasi Disturbances (1969), p. 5.
Ghana, Budget Statement, 1970–71 (by J. H. Mensah, 25 August 1970), p. 5, where Mensah cites a loss of NC700,000 in government gold mine revenues during 1969–70.
K. A. Busia, Ghana, The Way to Industrial Peace (1969).
Statement by the Minister of Labour, Ghanaian Times, April 27, 1971, p. 1.
Ghana, Budget Statement, 1971–72 (by J. H. Mensah, 27 July 1971), pp. 41–44.
Ghana Industrial Relations (Amendment) Act, 1971 (No. 383).
For a more extended discussion, see U. Damachi, The Role of Trade Unions in the Development Process (New York: Praeger, 1974), pp. 102–7.
The TUC itself has developed a large affiliated credit union. It has constantly pushed for low-cost housing projects and. with the assistance of the African-American Labour Council, started one itself in 1969–70 (see TUC, Report on the Activities of the TUC to the 3rd Biennial Congress, 1970, pp. 43–44).
It has also been ready to criticise government housing schemes (e.g., see TUC Newsletter. Vol. I, 6 August 1973, p. 1).
See speech by Col. Acheampong to workers at TUC headquarters, in Ghana, Speeches and Interviews by Col. I. K. Acheampong, Vol. I. 1973), p. 270.
See Ghana, Report of the Salary Review Committee (July 1974).
Ghana, ‘White Paper on (he Report of the Salary Review Committee’. W.P. No. 4/74 (July. 1974).
See TUC ‘Views of Congress on the Final Report of the Salary Review Committee Appointed by the National Appointed Redemption Council’, 14 August 1974 (mimeo.), TUC Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 10 (October 1975), p. 1; speech by Issifu in tuc Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 1 (January, 1976), p. 12.
TUC Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 4 (June, 1973), p. 1.
Maritime and Dockworkers’ Union, TUC Report on Activities Submitted by J. R. Baiden to the Second Biennial Conference, September 1970 (M W U, mimeo.).
Data on benefits cited in Ghana Employers Association, Extracts of Collective Agreements (Accra: GEA, June 1974).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1979 International Institute for Labour Studies
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kraus, J. (1979). The Political Economy of Industrial Relations in Ghana. In: Damachi, U.G., Seibel, H.D., Trachtman, L. (eds) Industrial Relations in Africa. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16165-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16165-2_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-26260-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-16165-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Business & Management CollectionBusiness and Management (R0)